HDL-C was unchanged. Body mass index decreased in 58% and mean body mass index decreased 0.67 kg/m(2) (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS: Focused lifestyle changes significantly improved combined dyslipidemia in obese children. With no direct weight loss approach, body mass www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html index decreased in 58%. (C) 2014 National

Lipid Association. All rights reserved.”
“Clinical outcomes of the stand-alone cage have been encouraging when used in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), but concerns remain regarding its complications, especially cage subsidence. This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the long-term radiological and clinical outcomes of the stand-alone titanium cage and to evaluate the incidence of cage subsidence in relation to the clinical outcome in the surgical treatment of degenerative cervical disc disease.

A total of 57 consecutive patients (68 levels) who underwent ACDF using a titanium

box cage for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and/or myelopathy were reviewed for the radiological and clinical outcomes. They were followed for at least 5 years. Radiographs were obtained before and after surgery, 3 months postoperatively, and at the final follow-up to determine the presence BTSA1 molecular weight of fusion and cage subsidence. The Cobb angle of C2-C7 and the vertebral bodies adjacent to the treated disc were measured to evaluate the cervical sagittal alignment and local lordosis. The disc height was measured as well. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score for cervical myelopathy, before and after surgery, and at the final follow-up. The recovery rate of JOA score was also calculated. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score of neck and radicular pain were evaluated as well. The fusion rate was 95.6% (65/68) 3 months after surgery.

Successful Selleckchem Fer-1 bone fusion was achieved in all patients at the final follow-up. Cage subsidence occurred in 13 cages (19.1%) at 3-month follow-up; however, there was no relation between fusion

and cage subsidence. Cervical and local lordosis improved after surgery, with the improvement preserved at the final follow-up. The preoperative disc height of both subsidence and non-subsidence patients was similar; however, postoperative posterior disc height (PDH) of subsidence group was significantly greater than of non-subsidence group. Significant improvement of the JOA score was noted immediately after surgery and at the final follow-up. There was no significant difference of the recovery rate of JOA score between subsidence and non-subsidence groups. The recovery rate of JOA score was significantly related to the improvement of the C2-C7 Cobb angle. The VAS score regarding neck and radicular pain was significantly improved after surgery and at the final follow-up. There was no significant difference of the neck and radicular pain between both subsidence and non-subsidence groups.

The EXPRESS and EXPRESS II trials demonstrated that infliximab is efficacious as induction and maintenance therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and also improved health-related QOL. Infliximab is also efficacious in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, as shown in the IMPACT and IMPACT II studies. Infliximab is generally well tolerated, with a similar adverse event profile in both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The use of infliximab in three case reports is presented. The patients are similar to those normally seen by clinicians, and include

a male patient with plaque psoriasis and a history of severe psoriatic arthritis who was corticosteroid dependent and in whom other systemic treatments were not effective or were not able Blebbistatin clinical trial to be used. This patient showed a

rapid response to infliximab with no skin lesions or arthritis after 7 weeks’ treatment. Infliximab was also safe and effective in the treatment of a female patient with plaque and nail psoriasis and a history of psoriatic arthritis. Importantly, this case report supports the efficacy of infliximab in psoriatic nail disease in the context of severe skin and joint involvement. Case 3 describes a young BMS-754807 mouse male patient with moderate plaque-type psoriasis associated with severe nail involvement and early signs of psoriatic arthritis. Treatment with infliximab improved nail psoriasis and appears to be an effective biological treatment for nail psoriasis. Importantly, ultrasound was able to diagnose joint involvement, as seen from the proliferative synovitis in the distal interphalangeal

joint and mild enthesitis, despite there being no clinical evidence of psoriatic arthritis. This case report highlights the importance of early screening. If such abnormalities are detected early on in the course of psoriasis, clinicians may be able to predict which patients are more likely to develop psoriatic arthritis, and therefore offer effective and long-term treatment that may reduce the disability and impairment of daily activities that can be associated with psoriatic arthritis.”
“Purpose The purposes of this study were to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of long-term social assistance recipients (LTRs) with and without chronic pain and determine the effect of select demographic, social, pain, alcohol, and illicit drug use selleck chemical characteristics on the physical and mental components of their HRQOL.

Methods In this cross-sectional study, which is part of a larger study that evaluated the health and functional abilities of LTRs in Norway, 405 LTRs of which 178 had chronic pain were recruited from 14 of 433 municipalities.

Results LTRs with chronic pain were older (P < .001), more often married (P = .002), feeling more lonely, (P = .048), and had more problems with alcohol (P = .035). The final regression model explained 41.2% (P < .001) of the variance in PCS scores and 32.2% (P < .001) of the variance in MCS scores.

Recent intervention studies (ADVANCE, ACCORD, VADT), conducted to evaluate the effects of strict glycaemic control, apparently failed to demonstrate an effect of glucose toxicity on cardiovascular diseases, at least in secondary prevention or when diabetes is present for a prolonged time. The re-examination, 20 years later, of the

population studied in the UKPDS study, however, clearly demonstrated that the earliest is the strict glycaemic control reached, the lowest is the incidence of cardiovascular diseases observed, including myocardial infarction.

Conclusion: Fludarabine price The acquaintance of the rote of glucose toxicity should strongly influence the Usual therapeutic choices and glycaemic targets where the reduced or absent risk of hypoglycaemia, durability of action, and data on prolonged safety should be the preferred characteristics of the drug of choice in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective To develop, validate, and evaluate a questionnaire (Cats’ Assessment Tool for Cardiac Health [CATCH] questionnaire) for assessing health-related quality of life in cats with cardiac disease.

Design Prospective study.

Animals-275 cats with

cardiac disease.

Procedures SHP099 price The questionnaire was developed on the basis of clinical signs of cardiac disease in cats. A CATCH score was calculated by summing responses to questionnaire items; possible scores ranged from 0 to selleck compound 80. For questionnaire validation, owners of 75 cats were asked to complete the questionnaire (10 owners completed the questionnaire twice). Disease severity was assessed with the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council

(ISACHC) classification for cardiac disease. Following validation, the final questionnaire was administered to owners of the remaining 200 cats.

Results-Internal consistency of the questionnaire was good, and the CATCH score was significantly correlated with ISACHC classification. For owners that completed the questionnaire twice, scores were significantly correlated. During the second phase of the study, the CATCH score ranged from 0 to 74 (median, 7) and was significantly correlated with ISACHC classification.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that the CATCH questionnaire is a valid and reliable method for assessing health-related quality of life in cats with cardiac disease. Further research is warranted to test the tool’s sensitivity to changes in medical treatment and its potential role as a clinical and research tool.

31) or recent thymic naive (CD45RA + CD27 + CD31 +, P = 0.13) phenotype, or CD4(+) cells containing T-cell receptor excision circles (P = 0.47) were comparable. HIV-EU children and controls had similar levels of activated cells (CD4 + CD38 + HLA-DR +, P = 0.87; CD8 + CD38 + HLA-DR +, P = 0.22), Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + CD127(low)FOXP3 +, P = 0.53), and naive Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + CD127(low)FOXP3 + CD45RA + CD27 +, P = 0.65). Finally, comparable titers of Haemophilus influenzae Type b antibodies in the 2 groups were found (P = 0.43).

Conclusion: The study demonstrates reduced thymic size in HIV-EU children selleck chemicals llc compared with children born to HIV-negative mothers, but no evidence of impaired thymic function, immune

regulation, or antibody vaccination response was detected, suggesting that no qualitative immune deficits persist in HIV-EU children at 15 months of age.”
“Study Design. Systematic review of literature focused on heterogeneity of treatment effect analysis.

Objective. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine if comorbid disease and general health factors modify the effect of fusion versus nonoperative management in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients?

Summary of Background Selleckchem PF-6463922 Data. Surgical fusion as a treatment of back pain continues to be controversial due to inconsistent responses to treatment. The reasons for this are multifactorial but

may include heterogeneity in the patient population and in surgeon’s attitudes and approaches to this complex problem. There is a relative paucity of high quality publications

from which to draw conclusions. We were interested in investigating the possibility of detecting treatment response differences comparing fusion to conservative management for CLBP among subpopulations with different disease specific and general health risk factors.

Methods. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for literature published from 1990 through December 2010. To evaluate whether the effects of CLBP treatment varied by disease or general health subgroups, we sought randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized Tariquidar observational studies with concurrent controls evaluating surgical fusion versus nonoperative management for CLBP. Of the original 127 citations identified, only 5 reported treatment effects (fusion vs. conservative management) separately by disease and general health subgroups of interest. Of those, only two focused on patients who had primarily back pain without spinal stenosis or spondylolisthesis.

Results. Few studies comparing fusion to nonoperative management reported differences in outcome by specific disease or general health subpopulations. Among those that did, we observed the effect of fusion compared to nonoperative management was slightly more favorable in patients with no additional comorbidities compared with those with additional comorbidities and more marked in nonsmokers compared with smokers.

6% GSI-IX (0.016 person/y; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-2.79%), and SCD 0.93% (0.0093 person/y; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-1.92%).

Conclusions-Left ventricular hypertrophy is rare in children with TNNT2 mutations. Left ventricular hypertrophy is absent in the minority of adults, but most have an abnormal ECG. Despite adverse family histories, the rate of cardiovascular death during follow-up was similar to that reported in large referral populations. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5:10-17.)”
“This

paper is devoted to the phenomenon of resonant transmission in three-dimensional electromagnetic band gap structures (EBGs), achieved by introducing a defect into an EBG structure with the corresponding resonance frequency of the defect lying within the initial EBG region. It is shown that the resonance frequency of an EBG air cavity (acceptor defect)

can either increase or decrease with increasing cavity dimensions. In particular, this paper demonstrates both experimentally and theoretically that the resonance frequency of a woodpile air cavity, formed by the partial removal of a woodpile bar, increases with increasing cavity size; it increases continuously or saturates depending on the field polarization with respect to the cavity orientation. The results obtained in this paper can be used for designing EBG devices based on resonant transmission.”
“Background-Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is characterized by frequent life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, diagnosed on average in the teens to mid-50s and commonly treated by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). As younger GW2580 chemical structure age and high frequency of ICD discharges are risk factors for difficulties in psychosocial CYT387 nmr adjustment, we developed a study to assess psychosocial adjustment among patients with ARVD/C and to determine risk factors for poor adjustment in this high-risk population.

Methods

and Results-Eighty-six adults enrolled in the Johns Hopkins ARVD Registry (38 male; mean age, 45.4 +/- 12.9 years), with an ICD in place for a median 3.2 years (range, 0.2 to 20.1 years), completed a set of questionnaires measuring ICD-specific anxiety (Florida Shock Anxiety Scale), device acceptance (Florida Patient Acceptance Survey), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and functional capacity (Duke Activity Status Index). Although overall device acceptance (Florida Patient Acceptance Survey mean, 76.7 +/- 15.3) was normative, patients with ARVD/C had substantially elevated body image concerns (Florida Patient Acceptance Survey subscale mean, 17.9 +/- 23.5) and device-related distress (subscale mean, 26.5 +/- 19.2), particularly among younger patients (P<0.01). Patients with ARVD/C had elevated ICD-specific (Florida Shock Anxiety Scale mean, 22.9 +/- 7.8) and general clinical anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale mean, 6.2 +/- 3.9).

Treatments were a 40% WDGS diet, 2 composites, one consisting of corn bran and corn gluten meal; and one consisting of corn bran, corn gluten meal, and corn oil; and 2 dry-rolled corn-based diets supplemented with corn oil or not. Cattle fed the WDGS diet had numerically less rumen pH compared with cattle fed other treatments. Cattle fed WDGS had greater (P < 0.10) molar proportions of propionate, Selleckchem 17DMAG decreased (P < 0.10) acetate: propionate ratios, greater

(P < 0.10) total tract fat digestion, and a greater (P < 0.10) proportion of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the duodenum than cattle fed other treatments. Therefore, the greater energy value of WDGS compared with corn may be due to more propionate production, greater fat digestibility, and more unsaturated fatty acids reaching the duodenum.”
“Aliphatic glucosinolates,

secondary metabolites known to be involved in plant defence, make up the majority of the glucosinolate content of Arabidopsis thaliana, and their structural diversity arises in part from chain elongations of methionine before the formation of the glucosinolate core structure. The key enzymatic step in determining the length of the chain is the condensation of acetyl-coenzyme A with a series of omega-methylthio-2-oxoalkanoic acids, catalyzed by methylthioalkylmalate (MAM) synthases. The existence of two MAM synthases has been previously reported in A. thaliana, ecotype Columbia-0. MAM1 catalyses the condensation step of the first three elongation cycles while MAM3 catalyzes the OICR-9429 nmr condensation step of all six elongation cycles. We studied the expression patterns of MAM1 and MAM3 genes in different organs and developmental stages using promoter-GUS fusion lines and qRT-PCR. The promoter-GUS lines revealed MAM1 and MAM3 expression in varying degrees in all organs, but this was generally restricted

to the phloem, except in wounded tissue where expression was general. No difference was found find more between the two genes. The qRT-PCR measurements showed that expression was generally highest in seedlings and vegetative parts at the reproductive phase, but low in flowers and fruits. Since high amounts of glucosinolates accumulate in flowers and fruits, these data indicate possible transport from vegetative to reproductive organs. The expression of MAM1 was different than that of MAM3 with MAM3 having relative more expression in seedlings and roots than MAM1. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Over the last few years, several studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have demonstrated an association between valvulopathy, including Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LS) and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), suggesting a role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of the lesions. On the other hand, other studies found no such association.

7% men). Modified WHOQOL-BREF, self-report, and opioid confirmatory urine tests were used to assess HRQL and drug use behaviours at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were constructed to adjust for intra-individual correlations.

Results MMT response rate after 9 months was 89.9%. Rates of positive heroin urine tests rapidly decreased at the first trimester (18.1%) and then stabilized during the next 2 trimesters

(11.8 Fedratinib and 14.4%). Among patients with continued drug use, frequency of use decreased from 3.4 to 0.7 time/day. Improvements in HRQL were large over the course of the study and highest in the psychological domain. Adjusting for propensity score in GEE models, ongoing heroin use during MMT resulted in large decrements in all HRQL domains.

Conclusions MMT improved the outcomes of treatment for drug users in ways that might facilitate success of antiretroviral therapy. Integrating MMT to HIV care and treatment services could be beneficial in injection-driven HIV epidemics in resource-scare settings.”
“Background: Malaria has a negative effect on pregnancy outcome, causing low birth weight,

premature birth and stillbirths, particularly in areas with high malaria transmission. In Rwanda, malaria transmission intensity ranges from high to nil, probably associated with variable altitudes. Overall, the incidence decreased over the last six years (2002-2007). Therefore, the impact of malaria on birth outcomes is also expected to

vary over time and space.

Methods: Obstetric check details indicators (birth weight and pregnancy outcome) and malaria incidence were compared and analyzed to their association over time (2002-2007) and space. Birth data from 12,526 deliveries were collected from maternity registers of 11 different primary health centers located in different malaria endemic areas. Malaria data for the same communities were collected from the National Malaria Control Programme. Baf-A1 chemical structure Associations were sought with mixed effects models and logistic regression.

Results: In all health centres, a significant increase of birth weight over the years was observed (p < 0.001) with a significant seasonal fluctuation. Malaria incidence had no significant effect on birth weight. There was a slight but significant decreasing effect of malaria incidence on the occurrence of premature delivery (p-value 0.045) and still birth (p-value 0.009). Altitude showed a slight but significant negative correlation with birth weight. Overall, a decrease over the years of premature delivery (p = 0.010) and still birth (p = 0.036) was observed.

Conclusion: In Rwanda, birth weight and pregnancy outcome are not directly influenced by malaria, which is in contrast to many other studied areas. Although malaria incidence overall has declined and mean birth weight increased over the studied period, no direct association was found between the two.

All rights reserved.”
“Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas (PCLBCL) have historically been a matter of debate in the literature. The 2005 World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classification scheme segregated cutaneous B-cell lymphomas into 3 groups: primary HCS assay cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCDLBCL), “”leg type”" (PCDLBCL-LT). Additionally,

the WHO-EORTC classification scheme utilized the term PCLBCL “”other”" not otherwise specified (NOS) type for rare cases of PCLBCL not belonging to either the “”leg type”" or the primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma group. In this study, we retrospectively assessed the histomorphologic features of 79 cases of PCDLBCLs, including those of “”leg type”" and “”other”" NOS type, to further categorize the histologic spectrum of these unusual cutaneous neoplasms. The histologic AC220 manufacturer diagnosis of PCLBCL usually poses little diagnostic difficulty; however, some cases may adopt unusual or unfamiliar appearances mimicking other lymphoproliferative disorders or

other malignant neoplasms. Seventy-nine cases, occurring in 37 men and 42 women, aged 34-94 years, were analyzed. Fifty-three cases were classified as “”leg type” and 26 cases were classified as “”other” NOS type using the WHO-EORTC classification. Of the 53 cases classified as “”leg type,”" 33 were women and 20 were men; of the 26 cases of “”other” NOS type, 9 were

women and 17 were men. In the “”leg type” category, 31 cases were located on the lower extremities, 5 cases on the face, 5 cases on the arm, 3 cases on the chest, 2 cases on the shoulder, 2 cases on the back, 1 case on the trunk, 1 case on the buttock, 1 case on the supraclavicular area, 1 case on the head, and 1 case on the flank. Of the “”other” NOS type category, 8 cases were learn more located on the face, 5 cases on the shoulder, 3 cases on the head, 2 cases on the abdomen, 2 cases on the chest, 1 case on the trunk, 1 on the vulva, 1 on the axilla, 1 on the back, 1 on the neck, and 1 on the hip. Most cases assessed showed the classic morphologic appearance of PCDLBCL, but cases mimicking Burkitt lymphoma (starry-sky pattern), natural killer-cell (NK) lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (epidermotropism), low-grade B-cell lymphomas, epithelial malignancies, and Merkel cell carcinoma were encountered in this series. The high frequency of these rare histologic patterns can be explained by a bias associated with consultation practice. Careful histologic examination and immunohistochemical stains were used to establish the correct diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of PCDLBCL is broad and difficult to define histologically. Knowledge of these rare histologic variants is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of these cases as nonlymphoid malignancies.

CONCLUSION

Chemical exposure within the Mohs laboratory can

present a significant occupational hazard. Acutely toxic and potentially carcinogenic formaldehyde was found at high levels in a relatively standard laboratory configuration. A laboratory can be designed with a combination of physical environment and operational protocols that minimizes hazards and creates a safe working environment.

The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.”
“Study Design. A prospective study in 19 patients after cervical laminoplasty, using magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective. To evaluate the value of spinal cord shift at 24 hours after cervical laminoplasty.

Summary of Background Data. Postoperative C5 palsy is a noticeable complication within 1 week after cervical laminoplasty. The root tethering CCI-779 cost due to the posterior shift

of the spinal cord after laminoplasty was reported as one of the causes of C5 palsy. However, the spinal cord shift after surgery within 1 week is unknown.

Methods. The posterior shift of the spinal cord was measured in 19 consecutive patients on magnetic resonance images at 24 hours and 2 weeks after cervical laminoplasty.

Results. PR-171 The mean posterior shift of the spinal cord at 24 hours was 2.8 mm, with the maximum at the C5 level, decreasing to 1.9 mm at 2 weeks. The posterior shift of the spinal cord at C5 was correlated with the amount of the dura mater at C4, C5, and C6 levels. In a patient with right C5 palsy, posterior shift at C5 level HSP990 was 5.5 mm, decreasing to 3.0 mm at 2 weeks after surgery. The posterior shift of the spinal cord was not correlated with the sagittal alignment.

Conclusion. The posterior shift of the spinal cord at 24 hours had a tendency to shift more posteriorly

than that observed at 2 weeks after cervical laminoplasty. C5 palsy may be prevented if the expansion of dura mater, which is strongly correlated with the posterior shift, can be controlled.”
“Purpose of review

An increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) regulated genes (an IFN signature) has been reported in blood and tissue cells from patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases. We review the possible mechanisms behind the IFN signature as well as clinical and therapeutic consequences of this observation.

Recent findings

Autoantigens from dying cells trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells to a continuous synthesis of type I IFN, which is promoted by natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. A growing number of genes connected to type I IFN production and response associates with an increased susceptibility to autoimmunity. Besides type I IFN, type III IFN (IFN-lambda) may contribute to the IFN signature.

Macrophages DMXAA inhibitor detected by F4/80 staining, and oxidative metabolites in the serum and/or joints were clearly decreased in 1.2% NP-diet HTLV-1 Tg mice. Nucleoprotein

and DNA-nucleotide, but less protamine, had direct anti-oxidative potency with BAP test and/or ESR in vitro. These observations suggest that dietary nucleoprotein ameliorates arthritis symptoms in HTLV-1 Tg mice and offers hope as an alternative treatment for this debilitating medical condition.”
“Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease worldwide affecting cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The FMDV capsid polyprotein and 3C proteinase are required for capsid precursor processing Selleck Screening Library and assembly. The FMDV capsid protein, which contains the entire repertoire of immunogenic sites, can stimulate both humoral immunity and T-cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus,

rAdV-Asi-05, that expresses the P1-2A and 3C genes of the type Asia1 FMDV strain Asia1/YS/CHA/05. The humoral immune responses elicited by the Ad5-vectored capsid protein of type Asia1 FMDV in BALB/c mice and the ability of rAdV-Asi-05 to rapidly induce protection against challenge with FMDV Asia1/YS/CHA/05 in C57BL/6 mice were evaluated. The processing of polyprotein PI into the structural proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 in rAdV-Asi-05-infected HEK 293 cells was detected by Western blotting. BALB/c mice immunised with rAdV-Asi-05 produced type Asia1 FMDV-specific neutralising antibodies, and the neutralisation titres increased significantly after the boost. Importantly, C57BL/6 mice immunised with a single

10(7) PFU dose of MG-132 clinical trial rAdV-Asi-05 exhibited protective immunity against challenge with 100 times the lethal dose of FMDV Asia1/YS/CHA/05. In summary, rAdV-Asi-05 elicited a high titre of neutralising antibodies against type Asia1 FMDV in BALB/c mice. Moreover, rAdV-Asi-05 provided complete protection against FMDV Asia1/YS/CHA/05 challenge in C57BL/6 mice. This study highlights the potential of rAdV-Asi-05 to serve as a type Asia1 FMDV vaccine. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been used as surrogates for subcutaneous ECGs to optimize and evaluate subcutaneous devices, but differences between surface and subcutaneous ECGs remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the correspondence between surface and subcutaneous ECGs in Reveal (R) Plus (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) patients during various maneuvers.

Methods: Surface electrodes were placed over the Reveal (R) electrodes of 48 subjects (23 men, age 60 +/- 14.3 years, body mass index 27 +/- 4.9 kg/m(2), implant time 45 +/- 29 weeks).