Bleeding control was achieved in 12–24 h in all patients and treatment was discontinued after 1–15 days. No clinical adverse events were observed, but a significant D-dimer increase was seen in three of five assessed patients. Bypassing agent combination carries a high risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation

Palbociclib price or thromboembolism and it should be only used as salvage therapy and only for the shortest period of time. Given the morbidity associated with frequent and difficult-to-manage bleeding and the substantial quantities of bypassing agent required [40], the use of bypassing agents prophylactically has been suggested to reduce the bleeding frequency and to improve quality of life, especially of those who are ineligible for immune tolerance induction or have failed it, with a relatively high bleeding frequency. Both bypassing agents have shown to be capable to reduce bleeding rate in most patients [41–43], and to maintain or increase joint range of motion [44]. Two prospective trials have recently been carried out, one with rFVIIa [45] and one with FEIBA [46]. Patients with at least 12 bleeding events in the previous 3 months were randomly assigned to receive rFVIIa daily at standard (90 μg kg−1) and high dosage (270 μg kg−1). During 3-month prophylaxis

with the standard and the high dosages the bleeding frequency decrease of 45% and 59%, respectively, and target joint bleeding of 61% and 43%, compared to the previous 3 months. In the randomized, cross-over FEIBA CHIR-99021 datasheet study, prophylaxis was administered three times a week to patients with at least six bleeds in the previous Morin Hydrate 6 months: it was able to decrease overall bleeding rate of 62% and target joint bleeding of 72%. Both studies showed that prophylaxis with bypassing agents was safe, well tolerated and able to improve the quality of life. The daily rFVIIa administration is necessitated by the shorter half-life of rFVIIa compared to FEIBA, and might diminish the appeal of rFVIIa as a prophylactic modality. The costs

of prophylaxis can represent a major barrier to its acceptance. Patients on prophylaxis with FEIBA were reported to cost 2.4 times more than during on-demand treatment. Since the first successful elective surgical knee synovectomy performed in a haemophilia patient with inhibitors [47] indications expanded progressively from invasive procedures restricted to life and/or limb-threatening to elective surgeries. Twelve articles including five case studies, five case series and two clinical trials covering a total of 80 orthopaedic procedures performed with rFVIIa were reviewed in 2008 [48]. The initial dose was variable but was mostly 90 μg kg−1. Bleeding complications were noted in a minority of procedures and were mostly felt to be related to an inadequate amount of rFVIIa.