But this is not always the case, particularly as research groups grow in size and the supervisor builds an international reputation as a “flying professor.” The time spent scrutinizing raw data may diminish, although there is usually no

relaxation of the pressure on researchers to produce. This is a potentially toxic vacuum that might be filled by using QRP or worse. Finally, the question remains as to who monitors the “boss”? Many of the high-profile, multiple Linsitinib retraction cases of research misconduct have been perpetrated by senior professors! Some research, however, is routinely audited in a formal way, notably the large multicenter clinical trials conducted by the pharmaceutical industry. It is now increasingly difficult for investigators to fabricate patients in such trials because of the requirement to match clinical records with the study report

for each patient, and further assurances can be provided when the results are compared across centers to look for any outliers. Lead investigators know that this is the case, and I believe that it is a strong incentive for them to conduct the study honestly. This CH5424802 molecular weight proposal to increase monitoring and audit will not be welcomed by some researchers or probably by their institutions. There will be claims of excessive interference and unnecessary bureaucracy. However, before we protest too much, research should be put into the wider context of activities that are undertaken by research-intensive

universities and research institutes. Every university is required on an annual basis to have procedures in place for internal and external audit of its finances and its financial processes. This usually includes random, “deep dives” into areas in which the auditors might have concerns. In addition, in the UK, the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) audits the teaching and learning in all UK universities on a regular basis. Again, the QAA has the freedom to inspect any area within the portfolio about which they might have concerns. Why is there no equivalent process for research which in the research-intensive universities can account for between 20–50% of total annual medchemexpress turnover? Schools and universities are increasingly using plagiarism detection software to discourage and detect; there is some evidence that this is already having a positive impact on the frequency of plagiarism.[23] There has been an apparent upsurge in the frequency of image manipulation, particularly of gels and blots, although this began well before Photoshop became available to all! Many science journals are now requiring a full disclosure from authors about any changes they have made digitally to the original, but this sort of scrutiny should of course be conducted as a routine by the lead investigator of the research group.