Cognitive interviews provided a valuable insight into how travelers used inferential and direct memory to recall travel events

and their confidence in the accuracy of these processes. Conclusions. The development and validation of questionnaires improve the accuracy of the data collected and should be considered an integral part of the methodology of travel-related studies. Epidemiological studies are used extensively in travel medicine for collecting information on travel-related exposures, outcomes, risk, and protective factors. Published studies are often based partly or completely on responses to questionnaires, but few have used existing validated instruments for data collection or attempted to validate newly developed questionnaires. Furthermore, it is difficult to view or obtain questionnaires used in previous studies and no archive of instruments used in published DNA Synthesis inhibitor travel medicine studies exists. To date, no multipurpose validated questionnaire that could be applied to several different studies of infections in travelers has been published. In designing studies that rely on self-reported data collected

via questionnaires, it is important to ensure that the questionnaires are clear, unambiguous, and permit respondents to provide accurate information. Information collected in studies of travelers is generally retrospective behavioral data: travelers are asked to report on events that have occurred Stem Cell Compound Library at some time during travel. This involves comprehension, recall using autobiographical

memory, and formulation of an appropriate response.1 Cognitive survey methodology uses a number of different techniques to reduce respondent error in health surveys and improve instruments used to collect autobiographical data, through specific attention to “cognition” (the mental process by which the mind becomes aware).2,3 The cognitive approach to questionnaire design is based on several information-processing models that have been proposed to account for how respondents answer questions about events.4 Each model includes at least four stages of information processing: Ureohydrolase (1) comprehension of question; (2) retrieval of information; (3) estimation/judgment; and (4) formulation of a response.5 We used nonexperimental cognitive methods to understand how travelers perceived questions, evaluated potential problems with selected items, and the cognitive tasks involved with responding to items. This article describes the development and validation of a travel questionnaire that was developed for use in a prospective cohort study of travelers, which aimed to estimate the risk of influenza, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis in Australian travelers to Asia.