Exercise interventions can successfully maintain or increase BMD also in postmenopausal women. The major benefit of exercise in patients with osteoporosis may be in improving muscle strength and coordination, which, in turn, decreases the frequency of falls. A low BMI is a well-recognized risk factor for fracture but obesity can also

have a negative impact on indices of bone strength and possibly on fracture risk. Current smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are associated with an increased risk for fracture. Muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises individually prescribed can reduce the number of falls and fall-related injuries by 35%. Multifactorial fall prevention programs

are effective on both risk of falling and monthly rate of falling. PCI-32765 clinical trial Results are less consistent in nursing care facilities than in the community setting. Hip protectors are designed to reduce the impact of falls onto the hip and to prevent hip fracture. Numerous randomized controlled trials have led to conflicting results. One of the main concerns with external hip protectors is poor compliance and click here recent pooled analyses have suggested that the regular use of two-sided devices might reduce the risk of hip fracture in institutionalized elderly. Vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty are used to control back pain and to BMS907351 stabilize the vertebral fracture; kyphoplasty Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) also aims at restoring vertebral body anatomy. These procedures are not without risks due to possible cement extravasation. Limitations of both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are the lack of long-term data and the absence of conclusive comparative trials. Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References 1. Melton LJ 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O’Connor MK, O’Fallon WM,

Riggs BL (1998) Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915–1923CrossRefPubMed 2. Autier P, Haentjens P, Bentin J, Baillon JM, Grivegnee AR, Closon MC, Boonen S (2000) Costs induced by hip fractures: a prospective controlled study in Belgium. Belgian Hip Fracture Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11:373–380CrossRefPubMed 3. Body JJ, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Boutsen Y, Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY (2010) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document by the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int 21:1657–1680CrossRefPubMed 4. Rubin LA, Hawker GA, Peltekova VD, Fielding LJ, Ridout R, Cole DE (1999) Determinants of peak bone mass: clinical and genetic analyses in a young female Canadian cohort. J Bone Miner Res 14:633–643CrossRefPubMed 5.