oledzskii. The other group consisted of the type strains of P. frequentans and P. paczowskii. In the other clade, P. palmense was basal to P. spinulosum and P. subericola. The ex type of P. palmense clustered together with P. grancanariae CBS 687.77T. Fig. 2 Phylogram based on the combined dataset of partial β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences and analysed using RAxML. The strains in bold are isolated from cork Penicillium spinulosum and P. subericola were on a branch with a fair bootstrap support (72%). Three groups were detected within this clade, but none of the phylogenetic selleckchem relations between

those groups were well supported. The isolates of P. subericola were on one branch. Interestingly, P. spinulosum was divided in two groups. One group compasses the type culture of this species and the type strains of P. mucosum CBS 269.35 and P. tannophilum CBS 271.35; the other group contained the type strains of P. mediocre MG-132 manufacturer CBS 268.35 and P. tannophagum CBS 289.36. Phenotypic analysis The strains isolated from cork were inoculated on the agar media MEA, CYA 25°C, CYA30°C, CYA 37°C, CREA and YES and were compared with the type strains of P. glabrum, P. spinulosum, P. frequentans and P. paczoskii. None of the examined strains were able to grow

on CYA incubated at 37°C. In Fig. 3 an overview is shown of growth patterns on various agar media. There was a large variation in macromorphology among the Glabra strains. The type strain of P. glabrum and P. spinulosum were deviating and showed reduced growth rates and weak sporulation. The reverse colours on CYA of the Glabra members were in shades of orange or orange brown, and occasionally in crème colours. The CBL-0137 clinical trial intensity of these colours varied per isolate and ranged from pale orange-brown to vivid orange or red-orange (in

P. spinulosum). The variation observed among the Glabra cork isolates could not clearly be correlated to any of the six groups previously assigned with the partial β-tubulin data. No clear distinctive characters to differentiate between P. glabrum, P. spinulosum and the new species could be observed on CYA, MEA Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 and YES. However, there was a striking difference on creatine agar. Isolates of P. spinulosum and the new species P. subericola grew moderate to good on this medium and the majority of both species produced base compounds after prolonged incubation. The colony diameter was generally larger than 25 mm, while P. glabrum isolates grew more restricted (often less than 25 mm) Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Colonies incubated for 7 days. Columns, from left to right CYA at 25°C, MEA, CYA at 30°C, YES, creatine agar; rows, top to bottom, Penicillium glabrum CBS 127701, P. glabrum CBS 127702, P. glabrum CBS 125543T, P. spinulosum CBS 127699, P. spinulosum CBS 374.48T, P. subericola CBS 125096T Fig. 4 Penicillium subericola, cultures incubated for 7 days at 25°C, A. MEA, B. CYA, C. YES. D-I. Conidiophores, phialides and conidia.