Samples were treated as outlined above, but first incubated at room temperature for 10 min either alone in 0.5% v/v FBS in PBS or in presence of the chemical inhibitors PSC833 (1 μM) or MK571 (30 μM), before the addition of the UIC2 primary antibody (2 μg/ml). The relative MFI was calculated as the ratio between the MFI of the sample (treated with inhibitor) against the MFI of the cells alone. Permeability experiments were conducted using 25 nM 3H-digoxin (Perkin Elmer, Cambridge, UK) in 5 day (MDCKII cells) or 21 day

(Calu-3 and NHBE cells) old cell layers in the apical to basolateral (AB) and basolateral to apical selleckchem (BA) directions in quadruplicate. 14C-mannitol (6.55 μM, Perkin Elmer) was used in all experiments as a marker of epithelial barrier integrity. Cell layers were allowed to equilibrate at 37 °C for 60 min in standard buffer solution (SBS) comprising HBSS supplemented with 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic Protease Inhibitor Library ic50 acid (HEPES) and 1% v/v dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in presence or absence of the inhibitors PSC833 (1 μM), MK571 (30 μM) or sodium azide (15 mM). Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were taken using an EVOMmeter with chopstick electrodes (World Precision Instruments, Stevenage, UK) and only bronchial epithelial cell layers with a TEER > 300 Ω cm2

were accepted for experiments. Permeability studies were then carried out as previously detailed [13] maintaining the concentration of substrate, paracellular marker and inhibitors constant throughout the experiments. Cells were maintained at 37 °C and rotated at 60 rpm on an orbital shaker with the exception of temperature dependent studies where the samples were maintained at 4 °C. For biochemical inhibition assays, cell layers were first

incubated in SBS containing the mouse anti-human MDR1 antibodies (20 μg/ml UIC2 or 15 μg/ml MRK16) for 60 min at 37°. Oxymatrine This was then removed prior to conducting the transport experiments as outlined above. The TEER was measured again at the end of the transport studies to verify the integrity of the cell layers. All samples were mixed with 2 ml OptiPhase HiSafe 2 scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Cambridge, UK) and counted using a Wallac 1490 liquid scintillation counter (Wallac, Turku, Finland). Apparent permeability coefficients (P  app) were calculated using the following equation: Papp=dQ/dtAC0 where dQ/dt is the flux of the substrate across the cell layer, A is the surface area of the filter and C0 is the initial concentration of the substrate in the donor solution. Cell layers with 14C-mannitol Papp values >1.5 × 10−6 cm/s were excluded from the analysis. Efflux ratios were calculated as the ratio of the secretory (BA)/absorptive (AB) apparent permeability (Papp) values. Calu-3 and MDCKII cell layers were incubated for 3 h in either SBS alone or in SBS containing 15 mM sodium azide. No significant reduction in TEER values was observed at the end of the exposure time.