The increase in metabolic rate, reported here (23%/degrees C), is

The increase in metabolic rate, reported here (23%/degrees C), is noticeably higher and we conclude that febrile mediation is metabolically more expensive selleckchem in Pekin ducks than in mammals. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The neural circuit linking the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) has crucial roles in both the acquisition and the extinction of fear. However, the mechanism by which this circuit encodes fear and extinction remains unknown. In this study, we monitored changes in the magnitude

of evoked field potentials (EFPs) in the mPFC-BLA and BLA-mPFC pathways following auditory fear conditioning and extinction, in freely moving rats. We report that extinction of fear is mediated by depression of the EFPs in the mPFC-BLA and by potentiation in the reciprocal pathway of BLA-mPFC. Interestingly, reinstatement of fear was associated with recovery selleck inhibitor of freezing and with reversal of the changes in EFPs that were observed following extinction in both pathways.

The findings indicate that the mPFC-BLA circuit expresses differential changes following fear and extinction and point to dynamic and plastic changes underlying fear, extinction, and reinstatement. Manipulations targeting these different types of plasticity could constitute a therapeutic tool for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2276-2285; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.115; published online 13 July 2011″
“The consequences of variations in environmental temperature on innate immune responses in birds are by and large not known. We investigated the

influence of ambient temperature on the febrile response in female Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Ducks, implanted Selleckchem Volasertib with temperature data loggers to measure body temperature, were injected with lipopolysaccharide (100 mu g kg(-1)) to evoke febrile responses and kept at ambient temperatures higher, within, and lower than their thermoneutral zone (n=10), and in conditions that simulated one day of a heat wave (n=6). Compared to the febrile response at thermoneutrality, at low temperatures, febrile responses were significantly attenuated; fevers reached lower magnitudes (from basal body temperature of 41.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C to a peak of 42.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C). In contrast, at high ambient temperatures, ducks rapidly developed significantly enhanced fevers, which reached markedly higher febrile peaks (from basal body temperature of 41.6 degrees C to a peak of 44.0 degrees C in a simulated heat wave when ambient temperature reached 40 degrees C). These results indicate that ambient temperature affects the febrile response in female Pekin ducks.

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