The resulting cultures were subsequently #Batimastat in vitro randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# used for further bacterial selection. Panel B shows the changes in the richness of bacterial populations during the selection process for

DON-transforming bacteria. The number of DGGE DNA bands decreased during the process of selection until a single colony isolate was obtained, which demonstrated a single major DNA band in the DGGE gel (Lane 3). Figure 4 PCR-DGGE bacterial profiles showing the richness of bacterial populations . A) Bacterial profiles before and after antibiotic treatments. Lane 1: large intestinal digesta sample (LIC); Lane 2: start culture that was the first subculture from the digesta (LIC) before lincomycin treatment; Lanes 3 and 4: same start culture after the treatment with lincomycin at 60 and 30 μg ml-1, respectively; Lanes 5 and 6: same start culture after the treatment with tylosin at 80 and 40 μg ml-1, respectively. B) Changes of PCR-DGGE bacterial profiles through the selection by antibiotics and AIM+CecExt medium. Lane 1: start culture (1st subculture from the digesta) before antibiotic and AIM+CecExt treatments; Lane 2: the same culture (in Lane 1) after antibiotic and AIM+CecExt treatments; Lane 3: a pure culture of a single colony isolate with DON-transforming activity (Isolate LS-61). Note: Lane 1, lanes 2 – 4, and lanes

5 – 6 of Panel A were from three separate DGGE gels. The migration Aspartate of their DNA bands was not identical among the different gels. Identification of DON-transforming bacterial Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor isolates The sequence similarity analysis of partial 16S rRNA genes (~700 bp) of the 10 isolates with DON-transforming activity indicated that they belonged to four different bacterial groups, Clostridiales, Anaerofilum, Collinsella, and Bacillus (Table 2). Isolates within the same group had sequence similarities greater than 99%. However, isolates located in different groups showed sequence similarities less than 85%. One isolate, named LS-100, had 99% similarity in the partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene compared with that of Bacillus arbutinivorans. Table 2 Putative identity

of the selected DON-transforming bacterial isolates     Blast search     RDP Classifier Groups Isolates Closest relatives Accession # Homology (%) Closest identification 1 SS-3 Uncultured bacterium clone p-662 AF371567.1 98 Clostidiales order   LS-61 Uncultured bacterium clone B778 AY984815.1 96 Clostidiales order   LS-107 Uncultured bacterium clone B778 AY984815.1 96 Clostidiales order 2 LS-72 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM8 AY654968.1 99 Anaerofilum genus   LS-83 Unidentified bacterium clone CCCM8 AY654968.1 99 Anaerofilum genus 3 LS-94 Coriobacterium sp. EKSO3 AJ245921.1 97 Collinsella genus   LS-117 Coriobacterium sp. EKSO3 AJ245921.1 97 Collinsella genus   LS-121 Coriobacterium sp. EKSO3 AJ245921.