, 2006). In brief, ropt was calculated by plotting the expected value (EV) given each rate, r, of high stimulus choice, EV(r), for the different probability ratios (75 : 25, 50 : 18), where

p and q represent the probability of reward associated with the high and low stimuli (Equation 1, below); ropt was then determined for SB431542 chemical structure each probability ratio by taking the maximum point on each of the curves plotted. The number of trials that macaques took to achieve 97% of the ropt was determined using a 20-trial moving window (−10/+10) of the subjects’ choices for the high reward-probability stimulus. (1) If criterion was not reached by the end of the 100-trial session a score of 100 was allocated to that animal on that session. The results were subjected to a repeated-measures anova of lesion (pre- and postoperative) × reward ratio (50 : 18 and 75 : 25) × session. The ACCg animals were tested and analyzed in a similar way although they were compared to a group of unoperated control animals (N = 6) in a three-way anova with a two-level factor of reward ratio (50 : 18 and 75 : 25) × two-level factor of session × the between-subjects factor of group (ACCg; unoperated controls). It is difficult to make direct comparisons between the postoperative performances of the mOFC and ACCg

animals as three of the unoperated control animals that were used in the ACCg experiment were subsequently tested as part of the mOFC group. This means that at the final mOFC postoperative Selleck EX 527 Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) test these animals had been tested three times on this paradigm whereas the postoperative ACCg animals had never previously been tested on a reward-matching task although they had had experience of other reward-guided visual discrimination tasks. As can be observed in Fig. 2, the mOFC lesions were made as intended. These lesions included mainly Walker area 14. For full details of the ACCg lesion please refer to Rudebeck et al. (2006). In brief, however, the ACCg lesions were largely confined to area 32 and the anterior ventral tiers of area 24. MOFC lesions produced no significant effects on reaching latencies for any fear-inducing stimuli in experiment 1a

(Fig. 4A; either main effect of mOFC lesion; F1,3 = 0.014, P = 0.912, or interaction of lesion with stimulus type; F1,3 = 0.045, P = 0.845). There was, however, a main effect of stimulus type (F1,3 = 27.84, P = 0.013), with the animals being slower to reach for the moving snake than the rubber snake. There was also no effect of lesion (F1,3 = 0.41, P = 0.568) or interaction of lesion with stimulus type (F4,12 = 1.30, P = 0.327) for reaching times to the social stimuli in experiment 1b. However, a linear main effect of social stimulus type was revealed (F1,3 = 3.48, P = 0.040), suggesting that animals, regardless of the presence of an mOFC lesion, agree as to which images of other macaques are the most interesting (Deaner et al., 2005, Rudebeck et al., 2006, Klein et al., 2008, 2009).