However, it is questionable whether stretch of the shoulder muscles for much more than 60 minutes per day during intensive rehabilitation programs is feasible (Turton and Britton 2005). People with severe motor deficits after stroke have a higher risk of developing increased resistance to passive muscle stretch (hypertonia) and spasticity of the muscles responsible for an antigravity posture (de Jong et al 2011,

Kwah et al 2012, Urban et al 2010). These muscles are also at risk of developing contracture. As a result, the passive range of the hemiplegic shoulder (exteral rotation, flexion and abduction), elbow (extension), forearm (supination) and wrist (extension) can become restricted. Veliparib solubility dmso Stretching hypertonic muscles is difficult when they are not sufficiently relaxed. Cyclic neuromuscular electrical stimulation Epacadostat clinical trial (NMES) (Chae et al 2008), another example of a ‘passive’ intervention, can not only be used to improve pain-free range of passive humeral lateral rotation (Price and Pandyan 2000), but also to reduce muscle resistance (King 1996) and glenohumeral subluxation (Pomeroy et al 2006, Price and Pandyan 2000). From these results we

hypothesised that NMES of selected arm muscles opposite to muscles that are prone to the development of spasticity and contracture might facilitate static arm stretching both through reciprocal inhibition (‘relaxation’) of antagonist muscles (Alfieri 1982, Dewald et al 1996, Fujiwara et al 2009) and the imposed (cyclic) stretch caused by motor amplitude NMES. Consequently, static arm stretch positioning combined with NMES could potentially result in larger improvements of arm passive range of motion and less (severe) Bay 11-7085 shoulder pain compared to NMES or static stretching alone. From these hypotheses we developed the following research questions: 1. Does eight weeks of combined static arm stretch positioning with simultaneous

NMES prevent the loss of shoulder passive range of motion and the occurrence of shoulder pain more than sham stretch positioning with simultaneous sham NMES (ie, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, TENS) in the subacute phase of stroke? A multicentre, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial was conducted. After inclusion, participants were randomised in blocks of four (2:2 allocation ratio) in two strata (Fugl-Meyer Assessment arm score 0–11 points and 12–18 points) at each treatment centre. Opaque, sealed envelopes containing details of group allocation were prepared by the main co-ordinator (LDdJ) before trial commencement. After a local trial co-ordinator had determined eligibility and obtained a patient’s consent, the main co-ordinator was contacted by phone. He instructed an independent person to draw an envelope blindfolded and to communicate the result back to the local trial co-ordinator.