Interventions have been mostly implemented to individual parts of the medicines management system, without important collaborations between research and practice. Implementing interventions in an isolated manner may provide minimal effects as observed in previous studies.[61,69] Health care is a complex

system with an overarching aim of improving patient health outcomes. Isolated, spontaneous reactions to serious critical incidents without rigorous evaluations of the interactions between various units of the system only yield multiplicity of similar interventions with slight and ineffective modifications. Indeed, a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions in primary care demonstrated the weakness of the evidence for effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing hospital admissions or preventable drug-related morbidity.[96] selleck kinase inhibitor With an aging population, availability Dinaciclib of innovative but more expensive therapeutic agents, and tight healthcare budgets, optimising existing interventions becomes necessary. In the recently published Pharmacist-led Information Technology

Complex Intervention (PINCER) Study, simple feedback plus PINCER (an educational outreach and dedicated support) in general practice, patients in the intervention group were significantly less likely to have experienced a range of medication errors.[74] This intervention demonstrated the benefit of collaborative interventions to improve the safety of medication use in primary care and Vildagliptin ultimately improve patient health outcomes. This review has provided an international perspective on the safety of medication use in primary care across the medication management system.

Targeting the more susceptible population groups and the most dangerous aspects of the system may be more effective to error prevention in primary care. Collaborative implementation of existing interventions may offer time- and cost-effective options to improving medication safety and patients’ health outcome in primary care. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported by a University of Hertfordshire studentship with support from Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. The authors wish to thank Merck Sharp & Dohme for their support. “
“Z. Yasmin, A. Gomes, G. Calabrese, R. Kayyali, S. Nabhani-Gebara Kingston University, London, UK The aim of this study was to gauge community pharmacists’ current experience and perceptions of electronic cigarettes. Seventy-three per cent of the pharmacists are currently selling electronic cigarettes with 20% indicating that patients have reported adverse events linked to their use. Community pharmacists believe that electronic cigarettes are being purchased for smoking cessation aid and to prevent relapse. Community pharmacists are looking forward to the MHRA regulation of electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool to assure users about quality and safety.