So TNF regulatory polymorphism may have some putative role in circulating level of TNF-α and thus in disease manifestation. In Venezuelan case–control study, homozygotes for allele 2 of a polymorphism in intron 2 of the TNF-β gene showed a high relative risk of MCL disease, and a significantly

higher frequency of allele 2 of rs1800629 polymorphism was predicted in patients with MCL compared with endemic controls. Polymorphism affecting TNF-α production may be associated with susceptibility to the mucocutaneous disease [10]. Chagas disease.  The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC), affecting 18 million individuals in Latin America. One-third of patients with CCC develop heart failure, and their survival is reduced by 50% compared to patients with other cardiomyopathies. Aguiar and Prestes [61] Luminespib supplier reported the role of TNF polymorphism in this disease. Elevated TNF-α levels STI571 clinical trial in plasma and heart tissues were observed in patients. The TNF-α such as TNFa2, TNFa microsatellite allele 2 and the TNF2 rs1800629, TNF promoter polymorphism allele

2 were genotyped. Patients positive for TNF2 or TNFa2 alleles display a significantly shorter survival time compared with those carrying other alleles. No association of TNF-α polymorphism with Chagas disease in Brazilian patients have been found [62]. The TNFa microsatellite and rs1800629 polymorphism in an association study were detected. The patients with CCC were grouped in three categories according to degree of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction into severe, mild to moderate and absent. No significant differences between either CCC and

asymptomatic (ASY) patients or patients with CCC, according to severity of cardiomyopathy with respect to TNFa or rs1800629 TNF promoter polymorphism, were reported. Chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization.  Sato et al. [63] detected the role of TNF-α polymorphism in development of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). They genotyped five TNF-α promoter polymorphism in patients with CBD, sensitized subjects and control subjects and measured TNF-α production in beryllium-stimulated and beryllium-unstimulated BAL. A significantly increased TNF-α production was reported in patients with CBD compared with those only sensitized in beryllium-stimulated, but not beryllium-unstimulated, BAL cell. No significant Carbohydrate association has been reported between TNF promoter polymorphism or haplotypes and CBD-sensitized patients, and controls. The rs1799724 T allele has been shown to be associated with BAL cell TNF-α production. Human African trypanosomiasis and host inflammatory cytokine response profile.  Lean et al. [54] identified two trypanosomiasis with dramatically different disease virulence profiles in Uganda and Malawi. The two disease profiles were associated with markedly different levels of TNF-α and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in plasma.