Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 was employed as a control strain for phenotypic identification and detection of the virulence genes. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 was used as the control strain for susceptibility testings and detection of the virulence genes. Bacteria were stored at −70 °C

in heart infusion broth (Nissui Pharmaceutical) containing 20% glycerol. Subsequently bacteria were inoculated on heart infusion agar plates (Nissui Pharmaceutical) and incubated at 36.5 °C overnight. Genotyping of the isolates was performed by PFGE, as described previously Alectinib (Maslow et al., 1994). In brief, a treated agarose gel block containing bacteria was digested with 25 U of Smal for 20 h at 25 °C and subjected to electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose gel, employing a contour-clamped homogeneous

electric field system (CHEF DR III, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) at 6.0 V cm−2 for 18.5 h with pulse times ranging from 1.0 to 14.0 s. The gel was stained with 0.5 μg mL−1 ethidium bromide LY294002 supplier and analyzed under UV light with quantity one sw software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). For genotyping, the PFGE patterns were interpreted as described elsewhere (Tenover et al., 1995), after analysis of the patterns was performed using fingerprinting ii software (version 3.0) (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Genomic DNA from B. cereus isolates and ATCC14579 was prepared using a DNeasy blood & tissue kit (Qiagen, Tokyo, Japan). To detect the virulence genes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed with specific primer pairs for the cereulide (ces) gene (Ehling-Schulz

et al., 2005), the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene associated with cereulide production (Kyei-Poku et al., 2007), the enterotoxin FM (entFM) gene, the enterotoxin S (entS) gene (Asano et al., 1997), the enterotoxin T (bceT) gene (Agata et al., 1995), the hemolytic enterotoxin complex (hblACD) genes (Mäntynen & Lindström, 1998; Kyei-Poku et al., 2007), the nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) complex (nheBC) genes (Rivera et al., 2000), the hly-II gene, the cytK gene Clomifene (Fagerlund et al., 2004), the immune inhibition A (inA) gene, the piplc gene (Guttmann & Ellar, 2000), the sph gene (Hsieh et al., 1999), and the vegetative insecticidal protein 3A (vip3A) gene (Zahner et al., 2005). The PCR conditions such as temperatures, times, and the number of cycles were described in each reference. Amplification was carried out with KOD-dash enzyme (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) and a thermal cycler (Dice gradient; Takara Bio, Ohtsu, Japan). Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 was used as a positive control for amplification of the entFM, entS, bceT, hblACD, hly-II, cytK, and piplc genes, although no standard strain as a positive control for the ces, NRPS, nheBC, inA, sph, and vip3A genes was available.