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“Background Streptomyces species are widely distributed in natural habitats, such
as soils, lakes, plants and some extreme environments [1, 2]. They are Gram-positive, mycelial bacteria with high G+C content (often >70%) in their DNA [3]. More Methocarbamol than 6000 antibiotics and pharmacologically active metabolites (e.g. antiparasitic and antitumor agents, immuno-suppressants etc.) have been discovered in Streptomyces species [4]. Streptomyces species usually harbor conjugative plasmids [5]. Modes of plasmid replication in Streptomyces include rolling-circle (RC) (e.g. pIJ101, pJV1, pSG5, pSN22, pSVH1, pSB24.2, pSY10 and pSNA1) [6], and uni-directional or bi-directional theta types (e.g. SCP2, pFP11 and pFP1) [7, 8]. Some plasmids (e.g. SLP1 and pSAM2) replicate in chromosomally-integrating/autonomous forms [9–11]. Streptomyces RC plasmids are usually small (8–13 kb), while theta-type plasmids are larger (31–120 kb).