, 2004). It should be noted that the specificity of the effect is controlled in Figures S6C and

S6D, demonstrating that the defect in synaptic endocytosis is critically dependent on the absence of LRRK and on the ability of EndoA to be phosphorylated. To assess whether the defects in FM1-43 dye uptake in the EndoA Talazoparib S75 phosphomutants are the result of reduced synaptic vesicle endocytosis, we recorded EJPs during a 10 min of 10 Hz stimulation paradigm; we analyzed boutonic ultrastructure and we recorded mEJPs, assays that when performed on Lrrk mutants show defects ( Figure 1). Under conditions of 2 mM external calcium, endoA+/+; endoAΔ4 controls, as well as endoA[S75A]/+; endoAΔ4 and endoA[S75D]/+; endoAΔ4, show similar EJP amplitudes during low-frequency stimulation, indicating normal synaptic transmission ( Figure S6E). In addition, FM1-43 internalized during a 5 min, 90 mM KCl stimulation paradigm is efficiently unloaded during a second stimulation period in both endoA+/+; endoAΔ4 controls and in animals expressing the EndoA phosphomutants,

indicating normal vesicle fusion under these conditions ( Figure S6F). However, both endoA[S75A]/+; endoAΔ4 and endoA[S75D]/+; endoAΔ4 fail to maintain neurotransmitter release during 10 min of 10 Hz stimulation, while endoA+/+; endoAΔ4 controls maintain release well ( Figures 7E and 7F). This defect is consistent with reduced synaptic vesicle recycling in the EndoA phosphomutants. Next, we performed TEM on stimulated third-instar larval boutons. Very similar to endoA hypomorphic mutants ( Guichet et al., 2002), synaptic vesicle number in endoA[S75A]/+; endoAΔ4, as well as in endoA[S75D]/+; selleck screening library endoAΔ4, is reduced and the number of cisternae is significantly increased compared to endoA+/+; endoAΔ4 controls ( Figures 7G–7J). Our data also suggest that the cisternae seen in endoA[S75A]/+; endoAΔ4 and endoA[S75D]/+; endoAΔ4 fuse with the membrane to release transmitters, as we observe larger mEJP amplitudes in endoA[S75A]/+; endoAΔ4 and in endoA[S75D]/+; endoAΔ4 but not in endoA+/+; endoAΔ4 controls ( Figure 7K and Figure S6G).

These defects are qualitatively similar to those observed in Lrrk mutants ( Figure 1) and collectively they suggest that animals expressing Thiamine-diphosphate kinase the EndoA S75 phosphomutants harbor synaptic vesicle recycling deficits that parallel the endocytic defect seen in endoA hypomorphic mutants ( Guichet et al., 2002). If endoA[S75D]/+; endoAΔ4 animals display reduced synaptic endocytosis, we expect expression of LRRK2G2019S that results in increased EndoA S75 phosphorylation in vivo to also lead to defects in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. We therefore performed FM1-43 dye uptake experiments in Drosophila expressing the kinase-active clinical mutant LRRK2G2019S. Similar to endoA mutants that express EndoA[S75D], we find that expression of LRRK2G2019S results in significantly reduced synaptic vesicle endocytosis, while expression of the kinase-dead LRRK2KD does not affect FM1-43 dye uptake ( Figure 8A).