2008; Buscardo et al. 2008) vary greatly depending

upon the characteristics of both the plantations and of the previous land uses. Synthesizing individual case studies and evaluating the patterns that emerge across cases can help to explain this diversity of outcomes observed with plantation establishment. In a global review of biodiversity of multiple taxa in plantations compared to pasture lands, Felton et al. (2010) found significantly higher amphibian and reptile richness in plantations, but found no significant differences Trametinib datasheet in species richness of other taxa, PSI-7977 manufacturer including plants, mammals, and invertebrates in plantations versus pasture lands. Pointing to “unexplained heterogeneity between studies,” Felton et al. (2010, p. 545) caution against “general statements about the inherent biodiversity value of diverse and broadly-defined land uses.” This conclusion emphasizes the importance of scrutinizing

Sapanisertib molecular weight differences within the broad categories of plantations and pasture lands, including whether plantations use exotic or native species, proximity to native vegetation, and prior land-use history. While, in addition to Felton et al.’s (2010) synthesis, several other studies summarize biodiversity and plantation case studies (Carnus et al. 2006; Stephens and Wagner 2007; Brockerhoff et al. 2008), there has yet to be a synthesis of quantitative changes in biodiversity

with plantation establishment across a range of paired land covers and plantation types. Accordingly, this paper synthesizes existing quantitative data available on plant richness in plantations (including those using native Carbachol and exotic species) in comparison with alternative land covers (categorized as primary forest, secondary forest, shrubland, grassland, and degraded or exotic pasture) in order to inform land-use policy and stimulate further research. The focus is on between species diversity using plant species richness (including total, exotic, and native species richness) as a proxy for biodiversity. While this will not necessarily reflect biodiversity of other taxa, understory vegetation is considered to be a good predictor of faunal diversity (Humphrey et al. 1999). Moreover, plants are the basis of the food chain and contribute to important ecosystem services including climate regulation, water purification, and pollination (Daily 1997; Goldman et al. 2008). As such, an evaluation of plantations and plant diversity provides valuable information on the effects on vegetation with implications for wider ecosystem services and the faunal diversity they support.