, 2010). Van Maele-Fabry et al., 2006, Van Maele-Fabry

et al., 2007 and Van Maele-Fabry et al., 2008 pointed out exposure to pesticides as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer and leukemia by a meta-analysis of risk estimates in pesticide manufacturing workers. In a series of agricultural health studies, Lee et al., 2004a, Lee et al., 2004b and Lee et al., 2007 found an association between exposure to pesticides and cancer incidence, particularly lymphohematopoietic cancers for alachlor, lung cancer for Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor chlorpyrifos, and colorectal cancer for aldicarb. Nowadays, chronic low-dose exposure to pesticides is considered as one of the important risk factors for cancer expansion. Therefore, carcinogenicity tests are now applied to detect carcinogenic potential of pesticides before allowing them to be marketed. Carcinogenicity testing is a long-term (around two years) rodent bioassay using two species of both sexes. According to a new list of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by EPA’s Pesticide Program published in 2010, more than

70 pesticides have been classified as a probable or possible carcinogen. This classification has been accomplished based on the information extracted from animal studies, metabolism studies, Rigosertib order structural

Avelestat (AZD9668) relationship with other carcinogens, and if available, epidemiologic findings in human (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/carlist/). Carcinogenic properties of pesticides can be influenced by a series of complex factors including age, sex, individual susceptibility, amount and duration of exposure, and simultaneous contacts with other cancer causing chemicals. However, carcinogenic mechanisms of pesticides can be explored in their potential to affect genetic material directly via induction of structural or functional damage to chromosomes, DNA, and Histone proteins, or indirectly disrupting the profile of gene expression through impairment of cellular organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear receptors, endocrine network, and the other factors involved in maintenance of cell homeostasis (George and Shukla, 2011 and Rakitsky et al., 2000). Table 1 is indicating data extracted from epidemiological studies implicating on the relation between exposure to specific pesticides and increased risk of some kind of cancers. Birth defects or congenital disorders are defined as structural or functional abnormalities existing at birth or before birth that causes physical or mental disabilities.