, 2011), in which injection of a pruritic agent into the skin elicits a biting response ( Figure 6A). Importantly, we found that intrathecal administration of either U-50,488 (10 μg) or nalfurafine (40 ng) to the lumbar spinal cord significantly reduced chloroquine-evoked biting ( Figure 6B). These findings suggest that activation Crizotinib order of KORs in the spinal cord is sufficient to inhibit itch. A key question is the identity of the cellular targets for kappa opioids within the spinal cord. Though the central processing of itch is not clearly understood, recent work has suggested that itch information is sequentially relayed by at least two

types of spinal interneurons (Npra-expressing neurons followed by GRPR-expressing neurons) before being

transmitted ABT-737 to the brain (Mishra and Hoon, 2013). We therefore investigated whether kappa opioids act upstream or downstream of GRPR-expressing neurons by testing the effect of nalfurafine on GRP-mediated itch. Intrathecal injection of GRP caused robust scratching that was significantly reduced by nalfurafine (Figure 6C). This finding suggests that kappa agonists mediate their effect (either directly or indirectly) on GRPR-expressing neurons, or on neurons downstream of GRPR activation in the spinal cord. Next, we reasoned that if B5-I neurons normally release dynorphin to inhibit itch, then blocking endogenous KOR signaling in the dorsal horn might result in elevated itch. To test this idea, CYTH4 we investigated whether treatment with the KOR antagonists norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) or 5′-guanidinonaltrindole

(5′GNTI; Figure 6D) could trigger an enhanced response to chloroquine in the calf. We found that chloroquine-induced biting was significantly increased by intrathecal norBNI. Likewise treatment with 5′GNTI intrathecally increased the amount of chloroquine-induced biting relative to control (Figure 6E). The finding that blocking KOR signaling increases itch response to chloroquine suggests that endogenous spinal dynorphin normally functions to dampen itch. Together, these results show that modulating opioid tone in the spinal cord can bidirectionally alter itch sensitivity—increasing kappa opioid signaling causes decreased itch, whereas decreasing kappa opioid signaling results in increased itch. In light of the finding that B5-I neurons function to inhibit itch, we wished to characterize these cells in more detail. We performed patch-clamp recordings from lamina II neurons genetically labeled with the Bhlhb5-cre allele ( Figure 7A). Since this allele labels a somewhat broader population than those that we define as B5-I neurons, we used hyperpolarization in response to somatostatin to confirm that we were recording from B5-I neurons. Four basic firing patterns can be identified in lamina II interneurons in response to injection of depolarizing current: tonic, delayed, phasic/transient, and single spiking ( Graham et al.