26 and 27 Therefore, the selleck kinase inhibitor first aim of this cross-sectional study is to verify if there is a tendency

towards an increase in pathogen frequency from peri-implant health to established peri-implant diseases, as previously observed from healthy to diseased periodontal conditions. The second aim of the present study is to test if bacterial frequency is comparative between equivalent periodontal and peri-implant clinical statuses, i.e. healthy peri-implant vs. healthy periodontal sites, mucositis vs. gingivitis and, peri-implantitis vs. periodontitis. This research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees from University of Taubaté (2008/0098) and Guarulhos University (09/2005). After verbal and written AZD2014 research buy explanations, individuals who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form. Participants received oral hygiene instructions and dental treatment according to their individual needs. This convenience sample population was composed of subjects selected, from January 2006 to June 2010, according

to six specific diagnoses: peri-implant (n = 53 subjects) or periodontal health (n = 53 subjects); peri-implant mucositis (n = 50 subjects) or gingivitis (n = 50 subjects); peri-implantitis (n = 50 subjects) or chronic periodontitis (n = 50 subjects). Eligible subjects were screened from two Clinical Centres, Department of Dentistry of the University of Taubaté and however Department of Periodontics of the University of Guarulhos, according to the following inclusion criteria: male or female; aged between 26 and 52 years; at least fifteen natural teeth; at least one single titanium implant (MKIII, Nobel Biocare) under function for at least one year (for the implant groups). In addition, some exclusion criteria were considered: smoking (current smokers and former smokers); alcohol abuse; diabetes mellitus; immunosuppressive systemic conditions; pregnancy

and lactation; extensive fix or removable orthodontic or prosthetic appliances; local or systemic antibiotic therapy within 6 months prior to biofilm sampling; daily regular use of mouthwash two months prior to the study; any type of periodontal treatment in the past 12 months (for periodontal groups). Clinical parameters were measured by two trained and calibrated examiners at six sites per tooth or implant using a manual periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy PCPUNC 15 Mfg Co. Inc., Chicago IL). After 7 days, periodontal examinations of 10 subjects were repeated showing intra and inter-examiners reproducibility scores higher than 0.85 (Kappa Test) for probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Intra-class correlation tests showed scores higher than 0.90.