377 Ǻ) fixed incident angle theta = 0.5° and 1.0°, 2 theta in the range of 9–50° at a rate of 0.04°/point/second. This method provided a high photon density and a better pick resolution for the HA surface structural analyses. The GIXRD measurements were performed at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light National Laboratory (LNLS). Fourier Transformed Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance IWR-1 mouse Microscopy (FTIRM-ATR) studies

were performed using a Shimadzu IR- Prestige-21/AIM-880 operating in Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) mode from 700 to 4000 cm−1. Surface images of HA disc no-coated (HA) and coated with BSA (HA + BSA) were obtained by SEM (Jeol-JSM-6460 LV) with dispersive energy spectrometer (EDS). Surface topography of HA disc before and after BSA adsorption with different concentrations were performed using a Nanowizard AFM (JPK) operating in intermittent contact with a resonant frequency of ∼75 kHz. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch system using HA powder and HA discs. Tubes containing 0.1 g of HA (in triplicate) were incubated with BSA (8 mL of solutions from 0 to 2 mg/mL) and moderately shaken for 24 h at 37 °C. Incubation period of 72 h showed no significant difference in the amount of protein Cobimetinib solubility dmso adsorbed. A control was set up at the same BSA concentration (without HA)

to allow corrections to be made for protein losses in the system. BSA adsorption isotherms were performed using 0.01 M and 0.05 M of phosphate buffer (K2HPO4/NaOH) and 0.01 M of acetate buffer (acetic acid/NaOH) solutions at pH 6.0. After incubation time, the supernatant obtained was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrometry. The amount of adsorbed protein was calculated from solution depletion. The same experiment described above was performed using HA discs and 0.1 mg/mL Endonuclease BSA. To know the amount of protein that was not effective adsorbed the HA + BSA samples were immediately immersed in phosphate buffer and the suspension was again moderately shaken for 24 hours at 37 °C and analyzed by UV–Vis.

SBF is an acellular aqueous solution with an ionic composition that closely resembles the human plasma and buffered to physiological pH 7.4 (n-SBF) [17]. The assessment of in vitro bioactivity was carried out by soaking HA and HA + BSA discs (0.1 mg BSA/mL in 0.05 M phosphate buffer) using 15 mL of Hepes-buffered “SBF”, maintained at 37 °C in polyethylene tubes. After soaking period of 7 days the discs were removed from the fluid, gently washed with Milli-Q water and dried at 37 °C before characterization. To evaluate surface modification occurred by HA dissolution in aqueous media a control sample was set up in parallel with HA disc immersed in 15 mL of Milli-Q water. Solution aliquots were collected with a micropipette, centrifuged and filtered through a 0.22 μm Durapore membrane (Millipore) with diameter equal to 13 mm. The calcium and phosphorus concentrations of the filtrate were determined by ICP-OES.