4,5 Interleukin-21 potently stimulates the differentiation of B cells into antibody-forming cells. Moreover, IL-21 synergizes with IL-15 in proliferation and activation of both naive and memory CD8+ T cells.6 Most recently, IL-21 has been demonstrated to exert a critical function in Th17 development.2,3,7 Interleukin-22,

this website a member of the IL-10 family, plays an important role in host defence, inflammation and tissue repair.8–10 It signals through a receptor complex, IL-22R1/IL-10R2.11 The IL-22R1 is expressed specifically on epithelial and some fibroblast cells in peripheral tissues such as gastrointestinal, respiratory system and skin but not on immune cells.12 Expression of IL-22 is augmented in many autoimmune diseases. The up-regulation of IL-22 is detected in Crohn’s disease, NVP-BEZ235 solubility dmso ulcerative colitis, psoriatic skin and preclinical mouse inflammatory bowel disease models. Studies in the mouse Klebsiella pneumonia infection model and mouse Citrobacter rodentium infection model support the essential role of IL-22 in mucosal immunity for the control of various infections.9,10 Our previous study and other reports demonstrate that IL-22 may play a role in the defence against fungal infections such as Candida

albicans.8,13 It may also play a role in tumour progression; it has been reported that IL-22 potentiated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human colon carcinoma cells.14 Our results showed that IL-21 induced

human naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into Tc22 cells via phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5. Moreover, IL-21 promoted the proliferation and IL-21R expression of activated naive CD8+ T cells, which suggests a positive feedback loop in the amplification of the IL-22+ CD8+ T cells. Umbilical cord blood was collected from healthy full-term newborn infants at the Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Healthy volunteers between the ages of 20 and 26 years were recruited from Sun Yat-sen University. Adequate informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in this study. The study was approved by the Medical School Review Board Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase at Sun Yat-sen University, China. The following antibodies were used for cell surface and intracellular stainings as well as for cell culture: CD8-allophycocyanin (APC), CD4-FITC, CD4-peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) -APC, IFN-γ-FITC, GranzymB-FITC, phosphor-STAT1-phycoerythrin (PE), phosphor-STAT3-PE, phosphor-STAT4-FITC, phosphor-STAT5-FITC, phosphor-STAT6-APC, isotype-matched control antibodies, purified anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies were purchased from BD Bioscience PharMingen (San Jose, CA). The IL-17-PE was purchased from eBioscience (Santiago, Chile) and IL-22-APC, IL-22-PE and IL-21R-PE were purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). We separated mononuclear cells from the cord blood of newborns as naive cells.