7 T (see Logothetis et al., 1999). In each session, SE-EPI and GE anatomical reference images were acquired with the same slice orientation as the functional images. For the GE anatomical reference, which was used for quick visualization during experiments, FOV was 12.8 × 9.6 cm2, matrix size 256 × 256, slice thickness 1 mm, TE 10 ms, and TR 750 ms. For the SE-EPI anatomical reference, which was used as an intermediate to accurately coregister the statistical map with the MDEFT image, a 16 segment SE-EPI was VE-821 clinical trial acquired (see Goense et al., 2008).

The matrix was 256 × 192, bandwidth 60–159 kHz, spatial resolution 0.5 × 0.5 mm2, slice thickness 1 mm, TE 62 ms, and TR 4 s. For field mapping, two 3D FLASH images were acquired with FOV 12.8 × 9.6 × 9.6 cm3 and matrix 128 × 128 × 64, resulting in a resolution of 1 × 0.75 × 1.5 mm3. TEs were 4.9 and 5.9 ms, TR was 50 ms, and flip angle was 15°. Data were field-map corrected as described previously (Goense et al., 2008). For anesthetized experiments a 12 cm custom-made quadrature RF coil was used that covered the entire brain. Images were acquired check details by using a four segment SE-EPI. The FOV was 8.0 × 7.2 cm2, with a matrix size of 80 × 72, yielding a final resolution of 1.0 × 1.0 mm2. The slices were acquired along the temporal lobe, and 22–25 slices with a thickness of 2 mm were typically needed to cover the entire brain.

TE was 40 ms and TR was 2 s per segment, yielding a final temporal resolution of 8 s per volume. Data were acquired in a single session (experiment day) for each animal, which amounted to 1800 volumes for N08, 2160 volumes for C06, and 1368 volumes for L04. For anatomical reference a 16 segment SE-EPI was acquired in each scanning session. The matrix

was 192 × 176 and the FOV was 8.0 × 7.2 cm2 with 1 mm slice thickness. TE was 62 ms and TR was 3 s. Reference anatomical scans and the 3D FLASH for field mapping STK38 were acquired by using the same parameters as in awake experiments. EPI images were reconstructed by using Bruker ParaVision 4.0 software. Data were analyzed by using custom-written software in MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), SPM 2 and SPM 5 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK [Friston et al., 1995]), and Caret 5.9 (Washington University, St. Louis, USA [Van Essen et al., 2001]). Data from awake monkeys were processed following the methods described in Goense et al., 2008. Images were realigned, field-map corrected, and coregistered with the anatomical image by using SPM 2. For anesthetized animals similar procedures were used. Images were smoothed by using a 3 mm (awake) or 2 mm (anesthetized) full width at half maximum Gaussian kernel. Statistical analysis was done in SPM 2 by using general linear model analysis with the default hemodynamic response function. Activation was thresholded (at a significance level of p < 0.