A broader understanding of the disease will inevitably translate to clinical practice for the benefit of patients in the region. In the past 10 years since the original review in the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,8 was published, many publications on GERD have emanated from Asia. High quality research in GERD is now carried out in Asia, and, in the new decade, Asian research and publications on GERD could lead in a field that was erstwhile considered a Western disease. “
“Department of Diagnostic Pathology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression PD-0332991 supplier of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cell lines and evaluate its clinicopathological significance. Expression levels of FXR protein and mRNA in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (SC), and HCC cells in human liver, HCC tissues and cultured cell lines were selleck compound analyzed using immunohistochemical methods, western blotting (WB), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The relationship between FXR expression and clinicopathological parameters was also investigated. Immunoreactivity for FXR was observed

in nuclei of hepatocytes, SC and HCC cells. The intensity of nuclear FXR positive staining was comparable or increased in tumor cells of all HCC tissues when compared with hepatocytes of non-tumorous liver tissues of the same patients as well as in comparison with metastatic colon cancers. A significant level of FXR expression in four of six human HCC cell lines was also confirmed, while it was undetectable in three cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. However, FXR protein and mRNA levels in HCC tissues determined by WB and qRT–PCR were lower than those in non-tumorous liver tissues because

of the high level of FXR expression in SC nuclei as detected by immunohistochemical double stain. Statistically significant relationships between FXR immunostaining intensity and high Ki-67 labeling indices or a history of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in HCC patients were also disclosed. Contrary to previous reports, preserved or enhanced expression levels of nuclear FXR were detected in HCC, indicating that FXR may play selleck significant roles in the biological behavior of HCC. “
“Serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) quantification has been suggested to reflect the concentration of covalently closed circular DNA in the liver. We aimed to investigate the HBsAg levels at different stages of chronic hepatitis B and the changes in HBsAg level during the natural progression of disease. One hundred seventeen untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B were studied with longitudinal follow-up for 99 ± 16 months. HBsAg quantification was performed at the first visit, the last visit, and three visits at each quartile during the follow-up.