By this account, multitalker variability might be only one of many types of variability that could yield this same effect. Variability in noncontrastive cues (as is prevalent in infant-directed speech) has been thought to be helpful for word and language

learning in young infants, although relatively few reports indicate that this is indeed supportive of learning, as opposed to merely preferred by infants. Singh (2008) is a notable exception. She familiarized 7.5-month-olds to words using both high- and low-affect productions, and found that infants only segmented the words in the presence of high affective variability, that is, high prosodic variability. Similarly, infants segment words from infant-directed speech but not adult-directed speech in novel speech strings containing statistical cues to word boundaries (Theissen, Hill, & AG-014699 order Saffran, 2005). This raises the possibility that highly variable prosody alone may be sufficient to support word learning in this task, as well. These results suggest that the established view that infants use the statistical structure of contrastive cues to learn phonological categories (Kuhl et al., 2007; Maye et al., 2002, 2008; McMurray et al., 2009; Vallabha et al., 2007) may be incomplete. We suggest that by 14 months, even though infants appear to discriminate tokens within a dimension, they might not

be fully committed to VOT as a relevant dimension for distinguishing words that vary in voicing, and must determine which dimensions are relevant by examining relative variability. Of course, the behavioral experiments reported here and in Rost and Decitabine cell line McMurray (2009) do not offer definitive proof of our dimensional weighting account. Further empirical and computational work will be necessary to fully establish this account. However, as we argue in the subsequent sections, the dimensional weighting account is consistent with both the task demands framework for explaining the switch task and with broader exemplar models of speech (e.g., Pierrehumbert, 2003). Moreover, the use of relative Palbociclib chemical structure variability as a mechanism of weighting crops up in numerous domains of learning and may represent a general principle of learning. Thus, when the

present behavioral data are coupled with the seeming universality of such mechanisms and strong computational models (Apfelbaum & McMurray, 2010; Toscano & McMurray, 2010a), this seems to be quite a reasonable explanation. In the task demands framework (Werker & Curtin, 2005; Werker & Fennell, 2006), attentional demands on the infant create an apparent U-shaped developmental trend where infants’ speech perception abilities are intact and preserved, but infants are unable to access them in a difficult task, as they struggle to balance perceptual, phonological, and lexical representations. There is no doubt that the switch task is particularly hard. Infants fail at the switch-task test but succeed at the easier looking-preference test (Yoshida et al., 2009).