Cell growth and protein purification Cells were grown initially on plates containing 5 mM glucose, 10 μM DCMU, 25 mg/L kanamycin, and 10 mg/L erythromycin. In liquid culture, the cells were grown without antibiotics

in the presence of 5 mM glucose under 10 or 40 μEinsteins/m2/s of illumination, as noted. His-tagged PSII core particles were isolated from Synechocystis PCC 6803 cells as previously described (Lakshmi et al. 2002). Sample treatments For low-temperature measurements, PSII samples were transferred to a buffer containing 15 mM CaCl2, 63 % (v/v) glycerol, and 50 mM MES at pH 6.0. Prior to freezing, PSII samples were treated with 5 mM ferricyanide to oxidize Cyt b 559. Near-IR optical selleck kinase inhibitor spectroscopy A Perkin-Elmer Lambda 20 spectrometer was used to make optical spectroscopic SCH772984 manufacturer measurements in the visible and near-IR. Low-temperature optical measurements were made with an Oxford Instruments Optistat liquid helium cryostat. Polyethylene cuvettes with a 1.0 cm path length and 0.4 cm width (Fisher

Scientific) were used for low-temperature optical measurements. A 150 W quartz-halogen lamp filtered by a 6 in water filter and a heat-absorbing filter (Schott KG-5) was used to illuminate samples. A Epacadostat solubility dmso Schott-Fostec randomized fiber optic bundle was used to direct the light into the cryostat. The PSII samples were prepared as previously described (Tracewell and Brudvig 2008). Illumination for 15 min was performed on samples that were

equilibrated at the specified temperature for at least 60 min in the cryostat. All spectra collected after illumination are referenced to the dark spectrum measured at the same temperature to avoid contributions from spectral changes in the background due to temperature effects. Spectral simulations The program Igor Pro 6.2 was used to simulate the near-IR absorption data, to analyze the decay kinetics, and to plot all spectra. EPR spectroscopy X-band EPR measurements Liothyronine Sodium were conducted on a Bruker ELEXSYS E500 EPR spectrometer equipped with an Oxford ESR 900 He-flow cryostat and a Super High Q cavity. Samples were illuminated by a xenon halogen lamp filtered by a 6 in water filter and a heat-absorbing filter, with a fiber optic cable directing light into the cryostat. Radical yields per PSII were determined by integration of the derivative EPR signals and calibrated to photooxidized tyrosine D (Y D • ). Y D • was generated by illuminating the PSII samples for 30 s at 0 °C, incubating on ice for 2 min, and freezing in total darkness. Results Selection of mutations The mutations D2-G47F, D2-G47W, and D2-T50F were selected by using Coot, a modeling program that includes the ability to mutate a selected residue from a known crystal structure (Emsley and Cowtan 2004). The mutated residue is placed in the conformation in which it is typically found, and other conformations are also observable. Using the 3.0-Å resolution crystal structure of PSII (Loll et al.