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“We prepared very thin
amorphous InSe films and investigated the thickness dependence of the nonlinear absorption by pump-probe and open aperture Z-scan techniques. While thinner films (20 and 52 nm) exhibit saturable absorption, thicker films (70 and 104 nm) exhibit nonlinear absorption for 4 ns, 65 ps, and 44 fs pulse durations. This behavior is attributed to increasing localized defect states in the energy band gap as MLN2238 the film thickness increases. We developed a theoretical model incorporating one photon, two photon, and free carrier absorptions and their saturations to derive the transmission in the open aperture Z-scan experiment. The theory of open aperture Gaussian beam Z-scan based on the Adomian decomposition method was used to fit the experimental curves. Nonlinear absorption coefficients along with saturation intensity thresholds were extracted from fitting the experimental results for all pulse durations. The lowest saturation threshold was found about 3×10(-3) GW/cm(2) for 20 nm film thickness with selleckchem nanosecond pulse duration and increased about four orders of magnitude for 104 nm film thickness.”
“Five specimens of Rhamdia quelen collected from the Lindoia Stream, PR, Brazil, were cytogenetically analyzed. The diploid chromosome number found was 58, including 30 metacentric,
16 submetacentric, 10 subtelocentric, and 2 acrocentric chromosomes. Supernumerary or B chromosomes, frequently observed in this fish SRT2104 manufacturer group, were not detected. One of the individuals was triploid, with 3n = 87. A silver-stained nucleolar organizer region was found on a pair of submetacentric chromosomes
of the diploid specimens, and on three chromosomes of the triploid individual, confirming triploidy. Treatment with fluorochrome chromomycin A3 revealed fluorescent bands coincident with those of the silver-stained nucleolar organizer region, in both diploid and triploid individuals, showing that this is a GC-rich region. Heterochromatin distribution was visualized by the C-banding technique, mainly in the terminal chromosome regions of the individuals and was also observed in the pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes and at both telomeres.”
“Upgrading of potato pulp a byproduct stream from industrial Manufacture of potato starch, is important for the continued economic competitiveness of the potato starch industry. The major part of potato pulp consists of the Whet plant cell wall material which is particularly rich in galactan branched rhamnogalacturonan I type pectin. In the work reported here, the release of high-molecular weight pectinaceous dietary fiber polysaccharides from starch free Potato pull) Was accomplished by use of a multicomponent pectinase preparation from Aspergillus aculeatus (Viscozyme (R) L).