Cut sections were prepared from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for DCDC2 staining. Samples were treated

with 3% H2O2 to inhibit endogenous peroxidase, and then subjected to antigen retrieval using 10 mM citrate buffer five times at 95°C for 10 min. Sections were incubated with buy GDC-0941 Histofine SAB-PO(R) (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan) for 10 min, to limit non-specific reactivity, and then incubated with DCDC2 antibody produced in rabbit (ab106283; Abcam plc) diluted 1:2000 in ChemMatet antibody diluent (Dako) for 12 h. All stains were developed for 15 min using liquid diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the substrate (Nichirei). We determined staining properties setting vessels as integral control, and made a comparison of DCDC2 expression between HCC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues. To avoid being subjective, specimens were randomized and coded before analysis, which

was conducted by two independent observers, who evaluated all specimens at least twice within a given interval to minimize intra-observer variation. Statistical analysis Continuous variables are expressed as medians (range) and comparisons were made using the Mann Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 tests or Fisher’s exact tests, where appropriate. Overall survival rates were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software version 9.0.2 Mizoribine clinical trial (SAS International Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Results of expression, SNP, and methylation-arrays To identify novel tumor–related genes in HCC, we first searched for genes with

decreased expression in HCC samples compared with corresponding normal tissue. According to the expression array results, DCDC2 was strongly downregulated in HCC tissue. The decreased values (log 2 ratio) were −2.2 in a point of the expression array chip (Table 1). Table 1 Expression array analysis of the 68-year-old female’s surgical HCC sample Probe set ID Gene symbol Log2 ratio Sample Signal Detection 222925_at DCDC2 −2.2 Normal 148.3 learn more P Tumor 36.9 P HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, DCDC2 doublecortin domain-containing 2. We confirmed reduced expression of DCDC2 mRNA in tumor tissue by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in the case whose samples were used for the array analysis (Figure 1a). Figure 1 Results of experiments from a specimen from a 68-year-old woman. (a) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed downregulation of DCDC2 in the tumor sample compared with corresponding normal tissue. (b) Copy number analysis of chromosome 6 by SNP array in the HCC sample did not show any deletion or amplification on 6p22.1, the DCDC2 locus. (c) MSP showed promoter hypermethylation in the tumor sample alone. Next, we checked the results of the SNP array.