e) Theoretical molecular weight and pI. f) MASCOT score of MS/MS. g) Number of peptides identified by MS/MS. h) Functional classification using KEGG database. i) the ratio of ratoon cane soil (RS)

to control soil (CK). j) the ratio of ratoon cane soil (RS) to plant cane soil (NS). Among the plant-originating differentially expressed proteins, the largest functional group found was of the proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism (constituting 47.37%), followed by those associated with stress/defense response (constituting 15.79%) (Figure 5). Furthermore, most of plant proteins related to carbohydrate/energy metabolism (including spot 12, succinate buy Evofosfamide dehydrogenase; spot 13, phosphofructokinase; spots 16 and 35, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; spot 28, NADP dependent malic enzyme and spot 32, fumarate hydratase 1) and amino acid metabolism (i.e. this website spot 25, betaine aldehyde hydrogenase) were found up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil, compared to the plant cane and control soils (Table 4). These up-regulated plant proteins involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism probably provide the energy necessary click here and precursor materials for plant root secretion and rhizodeposition process, which serve as a nutrient source for root-associated microbes. Several proteins (including spot 4, catalase; spot 23, PrMC3 and spot 27, heat

shock 70 kDa protein) related to plant stress defense were up-regulated selleckchem in the ratoon cane soil (Table 4). Figure 5 The functional category distribution of differentially expressed proteins originated from the plants (a) and the microbes (b). Among the microbe-originating

differentially expressed proteins, most of them were associated with the carbohydrate/energy metabolism (22.22%) and signal transduction (22.22%) (Figure 5). Several microbial proteins were found related to the root-colonizing ability of microorganisms (including spot 30, two-component system sensor kinase) and the utilization of root exudates (including spot 2, sugar ABC transporter and spot 5, ABC transporter ATP-binding subunit) were up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil, as compared to the plant cane and control soil (Table 4), which might be a response of microbes to the rhizodeposition of ratoon cane. Furthermore, most of proteins originated from fungi (including spot 3, mitochondrial N-glycosylase/DNA lyase; spot 7, ORP1; spot 20, kinesin-like protein and spot 34, isocitrate dehydrogenase) were up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil (Table 4). Besides, one cytoskeleton protein (spot 38, i.e. tubulin gamma) originated from the fauna was identified as well. Therefore, sugarcane ratooning induced the alteration of the expression of soil proteins from the plants, microbes and fauna. Discussion The consecutive monocultures for many medicinal plants and crop plants, such as Rehmannia glutinosa[22] and soybea [23], etc., result in a significant reduction in the yield and quality of the harvest.