In a

secondary step, EHMT2 is recruited to the Slc22a2 and Slc22a3 promoters and is required to maintain repression of these genes [ 35••]. The repressed genes then Apitolisib attract PRC1 and PRC2 to catalyse the H2A119u1 and H3K27me3 modifications causing chromatin compaction and the formation of a repressive compartment ( Figure 2b bottom). This compaction brings the Airn macro ncRNA, the Slc22a2 and Slc22a3 promoters and EHMT2 in close physical proximity that can be detected by sensitive techniques like TRAP and RNA immunoprecipitation. This model is supported by the formation of a repressive compartment on the paternal chromosome containing Airn ncRNA, a contracted Igf2r cluster, PRC1 and PRC2 and the repressive H2A119u1, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications [ 29••]. Recent reports have highlighted the importance of long ncRNAs in disease. FK866 mouse Overexpression of the lincRNA HOTAIR in breast and colorectal cancers is associated with increased PRC2 activity and an altered H3K27me3 distribution, and correlates with metastasis

and a poor prognosis [ 42 and 43•]. The prostate cancer associated long ncRNA, PCAT-1, is correlated with aggressive prostate cancer, and appears to have a prostate specific role in regulating cell proliferation [ 44•]. The many long ncRNAs that have been recently discovered are likely to play a role in gene regulation and misregulation in disease, demonstrating the need for well-characterised model systems to understand their different mechanisms of action. Understanding the mechanism of imprinted macro ncRNA action may reveal new drug targets and enable improved therapy for diseases where macro ncRNAs play a role. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest This work was funded by: FWF ‘RNA Regulation of the Transcriptome’ (SFB-F43), FWF ‘DK RNA Biology’ (W1207-BO9) and GEN-AU III ‘Epigenetic Control Of Cell Identity’ (GZ200.141/1-VI/12009). We thank Tomasz Kulinski

for comments on the manuscript. “
“In the published version of the paper, there is an error in the Abstract. Line 6 of the abstract showed “control group (n = 117)”, the NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase correct information is “control group (n = 17)”. “
“The author regrets that in the above article, “channelepsy” was lacking in the keywords list. The correct list of keywords is as below: SCN1A; Nav1.1; Na+ channel; channelepsy; Epilepsy; SMEI; GEFS+; Seizure. “
“If you wear glasses or contact lenses, you are already enjoying the benefits of personalized medicine. Eye-care specialists can precisely diagnose your degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness and prescribe corrective measures tailored specifically to your individual needs, including, for example, spectacles, lenses or laser eye surgery, to restore 20/20 vision.