In this case, silver nanocrystals may aggregate together. On the contrary, PVP with longer chains can protect silver nanocrystals from aggregation. However, a thicker coating on the surface of silver nanocrystals may decrease the strength of the coordination interaction between Ag+ ions and PVP. Thus, considering the combined effect of chemical adsorption and steric effect, we can deduce the growth mechanism of silver nanocrystals with these

four PVPs. The formation process of silver nanocrystals can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, Ag+ ions were VS-4718 clinical trial reduced by EG following check details the reaction in Equations 2 and 3. Then, silver nucleus formed with the protection of PVP. As soon as the color of the solution changed, the seeds began to exit. The last step is the growth of silver nanocrystals with the protection of PVP: (2) (3) It is well known that the morphologies of silver nanocrystals strongly depend on the seeds formed in the initial stage. In order to compare the seeds in the presence of different PVPs visually, we prepared seeds at 100°C at the PVP of 0.286 M without OICR-9429 any change of other conditions. Figure 6 shows the silver nanoparticles prepared at 100°C with different PVPs. The shortest PVPMW=8,000 are easier to cover with the surface of silver nucleus than other PVPs

because of the smallest steric effect resulting in a stronger adsorption interaction between the PVP and silver nucleus. However, PVPMW=8,000 has less power to go against the aggregation of nanoparticles; thus, in Figure 6a, these silver nanoparticles gathered together. With the increased temperature, some of the nanoparticles grew into nanowires while others aggregated into plates which can be observed in Figure 6e. Because the activity of the end of nanowires without coverage of PVP is high

[35], it would be likely to form Atezolizumab in vitro an end-to-end or end-to-side connection of silver nanowires, except that some silver nanowires may aggregate in a parallel way. Figure 6 TEM images of silver nanocrystals prepared in the presence of PVP with different MWs at 100°C. (a) MW = 8,000. (b) MW = 29,000. (c) MW = 40,000. (d) MW = 1,300,000. (e) TEM image of silver nanostructure prepared at 110°C using PVPMW=8,000. Compared with PVPMW=8,000, PVPMW=29,000 with longer chains is able to offer more protection against aggregation, but weakest selective adsorption of PVP on the (100) facets of silver nanocrystals leads to the formation of isotropic seeds. Hence, in Figure 6b, one can see seeds prepared at 100°C mainly involving quasi-spherical seeds. Finally, these seeds evolved into nanospheres. The moderate selective adsorption of PVPMW=40,000 on the (100) facets results in exits of anisotropic seeds such as nanoplate and twinned pentahedron as shown in Figure 6c. Because each facet has different growth resistances, in different conditions, silver seeds evolve into different shapes [16].