Representatives of genes related to ribosome biogenesis and processing were NOP16 and CGR1. Finally ARG1, ARG3, ARG7 and BTN2 were chosen because of the magnitude of their induction or repression, respectively, under PAF26 exposure. Importantly, an

additional control was included in these experiments. Given that melittin was slightly more active on S. cerevisiae than PAF26 (Figure 1A), a five-fold higher concentration of PAF26 (25 μM) was included to rule out a peptide dose effect that might alter the interpretation of the macroarray data. Overall, this approach discards such a dose effect for a substantial number of the genes (Figure 3). The qRT-PCR SN-38 manufacturer results of the 14 selected genes validate the macroarray data. Notably, the differential response to peptides was confirmed for NOP16, CGR1 or the three ARG genes Sapitinib nmr analysed (Figure 3A and 3B). The induction of ARG1 was around 15 times greater Selleck SC79 than control levels after exposure to PAF26 but we did not observe

a significant change of expression after exposure to 5 μM of melittin (Figure 3B and Additional File 2). A similar PAF26 specific induction was confirmed for ARG3 and ARG7 (Figure 3B). The specific up-regulation of ARG1 was confirmed through independent experiments of treatment of S. cerevisiae with PAF26 or melittin, in which RNA samples were collected to quantify expression by quantitative RT-PCR in a time course experiment (Figure 3C). Figure 3 Quantitative real time PCR analysis of gene expression changes after peptide treatment. All the panels show the mean relative expression ± SD (y-axis) of each individual gene upon each peptide treatment as compared to the control treatment with no peptide. (A) and (B) graphs are end-point analyses of expression of the indicated genes (x-axis) after 3 h of peptide treatment; grey bars indicate 5 μM PAF26, black bars 25 μM PAF26, and white bars 5 μM melittin. Note the different expression scales in panels (A) and (B). (C) Graph shows time-course changes of expression of ARG1 following treatment with either 5 μM PAF26

or 5 μM PDK4 melittin. In all the panels, the genes ALG9, TAF10 and UBC6 were simultaneously used as constitutive references (see Methods for details). Susceptibility to PAF26 or melittin of S. cerevisiae deletion mutants Considering the results described above, a set of 50 S. cerevisiae deletion mutants [55] were analyzed for susceptibility to PAF26 or melittin. The annotation and complete dataset of the susceptibility of mutants is found in Additional File 5. Only significant findings are discussed and shown in detail below. Deletion strains were divided into distinct groups according to their functional classification, significance or expression behaviour. Two numerous groups are related to (i) enzymes or structural proteins involved in CW composition and strengthening, and (ii) the distinct stress-sensing MAPK signalling cascades related to CW in S. cerevisiae.