shahii 85           SDMOL37 1 55 A. shahii 88           SDMOL127 1 56 S. dextrinosolvens 97           SDMOL66 1 57 P. brevis 87           P Prevotella, S Succinivibrio, A Alistipes, Par Paraprevotella, Ros Roseburia, Rum Ruminococcus, Sp Sporanaerobacter, C Clostridium, Pab Parabacteroides, Pro Proteiniphilum, B Barnesiella, a number of clones, b sequence indentity, OTU # OTU No. Within the CS clone library, 36 of the 50 OTUs were 85-98% related to species belonging to genus Prevotella. Within these 36 OTUs,

only one OTU (2% of clones) had >97% sequence identity to P. brevis, 14 OTUs (36% of clones) had 90-93% identity to P. brevis and 11 OTUs (27% of clones) SN-38 purchase had 91-95% identity to P. ruminicola making them the dominant bacterial species, whereas the

remaining 10 OTUs (12% of clones) exhibited distant sequence identity to P. shahii, P. veroralis, P. albensis, P. salivae and P. dentalis. Of the remaining 14 OTUs (of the 50 total), 3 OTUs (3% of clones) were distantly related (89%) to Paraprevotella clara, 1 OTU (9% of clones) showed 97% identity to S. dextrinosolvens, 3 OTUs (3% of clones) had 90-95% identity to Ruminococcus bromii, 2 OTUs (2% of clones) had 84% identity to Parabacteroides merdae, 1 OTU (1% of clones) was 86% related to Clostridium aldrichii, and 1 OTU (1% of clones) was 91% related to Clostridium bolteae, 4 other OTUs (4% of clones) showed distant sequence identities to Roseburia hominis, Proteiniphilum acetatigenes, see more A. shahii and Sporanaerobacter acetigenes, respectively. Overall, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 107 OTUs were divided into six distinct phylogenetic groups (Figure 3).In addition, Etomidate the comparison between Norwegian reindeer, Svalbard reindeer and domesticated Sika deer at community level with Fast Unifrac [13], which analyze phylogenetic lineages, showed that the bacterial composition in the rumen of domesticated Sika deer fed oak leaves based diets was more similar to that of domesti-cated

Sika deer fed corn stalks based diets, and differed from Svalbard reindeer and Norwegian reindeer (Figure 4). However, there were also shared bacterial communities between domestic Sika deer and Reindeer. Figure 3 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences from two groups using the Neighbor-Joining method and Kimura two-parameter model in MEGA. Clones from Sika deer fed oak leaves beginning with SDMOL, followed by clone number, and from corn stalks beginning with SDCS, followed by clone number. Aquifex pyrophilus was used as the outgroup. Statistical significance was verified by bootstrapping 1000 replicates. Figure 4 PCoA analysis generating from the UniFrac software coloured by host animals and diets.