Significantly more of the males lived in urban areas of The Gambia compared to females, and

the distribution of month of study differed between the males and females recruited. No differences were observed in age, waist:hip ratio, or serum neopterin levels between the male and female subjects. Pre- and post-vaccination geometric mean (95% CI) data for both the pneumococcal and Vi vaccine are detailed in Table 3. A total of 112 subjects (37.2%) did not achieve antibody titres >3.52 EU following Vi vaccination, the estimated level for 90% protection. Using a post-vaccination anti-pneumococcal IgG titre of >0.35 μg/mL, the level considered indicative of putative protection, all subjects achieved an adequate response to all serotypes. Simple univariate selleck chemicals regression analysis was used to test for unadjusted associations between antibody response to vaccination and the contemporary variables measured at the time of vaccination; sex, age, location (rural vs. urban), weight, height, BMI, plasma leptin, month of study (February, March, April, May), malaria parasitaemia (+ve vs. −ve), and serum neopterin levels ( Table 4). Pre-vaccination antibody titres were also included as a potential confounder in all of the models. Variables showing significant associations with antibody response to vaccination were then fitted into a multivariate model; those variables that remained significant

are as detailed in Table 4. Only those variables that remained significant predictors of antibody response were then added to the models looking at early-life influences on response Ketanserin to vaccination. Pictilisib We did not predict, a priori, that pre-vaccination antibody levels would have such a strong influence on post-vaccination antibody responses. However, and as pre-vaccination levels could themselves be predicted by early life exposures (through immune responses to infection), we repeated the analysis (a) looking at predictors of pre-vaccination levels per se, and (b) removing pre-vaccination levels from the final model of predictors of post-vaccination levels. Following

adjustment for contemporary factors shown to be associated with pre-vaccination levels, the only significant association observed was between infant weight at 12 months of age and pre-vaccination levels to pneumococcal serotypes 5 and 23 (p = 0.028 and 0.016 respectively; analyses not presented). The results of the regression analysis excluding pre-vaccination levels are included in Table 5. Associations between early-life exposures and antibody responses to vaccination were tested by multiple linear regression analysis, adjusting for the contemporary variables identified as predictive of antibody responses. Table 5 highlights the unadjusted and adjusted results of multiple linear regression analysis using birth weight, low birth weight (<2.5 kg) vs.