The RT-PCR results showed that the astA gene was transcribed learn more only by the strains carrying either the intact or the variant type of the astA gene sequence (Figure  2). The astA gene expression levels of the 32 RT-PCR positive strains (CT values ranged from 20.3 ± 0.11 to 21.6 ± 0.04) were nearly identical to that of EAEC 042 strain (CT value 20.8 ± 0.01). Figure 2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of the RT-PCR products of representative strains of tEPEC (T) and aEPEC (A). EAEC 042 strain (C+) was used as positive control. Molecular size standard bands are at left.

Plasmids of the 54 PCR-positive strains were examined for astA gene presence by Southern blot hybridization with the astA probe. In 23 (42.6%) strains, a single copy of the astA gene was located to a large plasmid (Figure  3). In all the eleven tEPEC strains, the astA probe hybridized to the EAF plasmid as previously reported [21], and in twelve aEPEC the astA probe hybridized with large plasmids of similar size. The plasmids of the remaining strains were astA probe negative. Figure 3 Southern

blot hybridization of the plasmids of tEPEC (T) and aEPEC (A) strains. (A) and (C) Hybridization results with the astA probe. (B) Hybridization results with the EAF probe. EAEC 042 and EPEC E2348/69 were used as positive controls (C+) for astA and EAF probes, respectively. The arrows in panels A and C indicate Venetoclax chemical structure the pAA2 plasmid (65-MDa)

for EAEC 042 strain and the arrow in panel B indicate the EAF plasmid (60-MDa) for EPEC E2348/69 strain. Molecular size standard bands Selleckchem GDC-0980 are at left. We previously reported that 24% of 65 aEPEC strains hybridized with a DNA probe for EAST1 [13]. Here, we analyzed by PCR a larger group of EPEC, including typical strains and found that 11 (16%) of 70 tEPEC and 43 (28%) of 152 aEPEC were astA positive. Sequence analysis of the PCR products showed that 7 (63.6%) of 11 tEPEC and 18 (41.9%) of 43 aEPEC had an intact 042-type astA gene. As shown in Table  2, strains carrying intact astA gene were more frequently found in diarrheic children than in non-diarrheic children (p = 0.03, Fisher’s exact test). However, we should point out that among the 222 strains analyzed only 118 were collected from a case–control study [13]. Table 2 Sequences of the astA gene found in EPEC strains isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic children astA gene sequence type N (%) of strains from: Serogroup ( n )   Diarrheic children Non-diarrheic children   042-type EAST1 24 (14.3) 1 (1.8)a O9 (1), O33 (2), O108 (2), O111 (1), O119 (8), O142 (1), O152 (1), O157 (1), O169 (1), OND (7) EAST1v5 6 (3.6) 1 (1.8) O26 (1), O9 (1), O96 (1) O111 (1), O141 (1), ONT (2) type 1 SHEAST 6 (3.6) 1 (1.8) O26 (1), O55 (1), O103 (1), O153 (1), OND (3) type 2 SHEAST 2 (1.2) 0 O26 (1), O55 (1) mutant 7 6 O26 (3), O55 (1), O111 (5), O119 (1), O127 (2), ONT (1) Total 45 9   ap = 0.