“
“The right-handed alpha-helix is the dominant helical fold of alpha-peptides, whereas the left-handed Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor 3(14)-helix is the dominant helical fold of beta-peptides. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the properties of alpha-helical alpha-peptides and 3(14)-helical beta-peptides with different C-terminal protonation states

and in the solvents water and methanol are compared. The observed energetic and entropic differences can be traced to differences in the polarity of the solvent-accessible surface area and, in particular, the solute dipole moments, suggesting different reasons for their stability.”
“Neural mechanisms underlying the capacity of memory to be rich in sensory detail are largely unknown. A candidate mechanism is learning-induced plasticity that remodels the adult sensory cortex. Here, expansion in the primary auditory cortical (A1) tonotopic map of rats was induced by pairing a 3.66-kHz tone with activation of the nucleus basalis, mimicking the effects

of natural associative learning. Remodeling of A1 produced de novo specific behavioral memory, but neither memory nor plasticity was consistently at the frequency of the paired tone, which typically decreased in A1 representation. Rather, there was a specific match between individual subjects’ area of expansion and the tone that was strongest in each animal’s memory, as determined by post-training frequency generalization gradients. These findings provide the first demonstration of a match between the artificial induction of specific neural representational plasticity and artificial GSK1120212 mw induction of behavioral memory. As such, together with prior and present findings for detection, correlation and mimicry of plasticity with the acquisition of memory, they satisfy a key criterion for neural substrates of memory. This demonstrates that find more directly remodeling sensory cortical maps is sufficient for the specificity of memory formation. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All

rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Ureteroureterostomy is a treatment modality for managing an ectopic ureterocele or ectopic ureter and preserving upper pole kidney function. However, the development of urinary tract infection at the residual ureteral stump is a concern. We analyzed factors affecting the development of urinary tract infection at the residual ureteral stump after proximal ureteroureterostomy.

Materials and Methods: Between January 2002 and December 2009 proximal ureteroureterostomy was performed in 80 patients with ectopic ureterocele or ectopic ureter associated with a duplex system. Excluding 6 patients who did not meet the study inclusion criteria, we investigated age at operation, diameter of the upper pole ureter on ultrasonography, differential renal function and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux in 74 patients.