These symptoms are more often associated PCI-32765 nmr with ILI presentation in younger children. The age difference is in line with that observed in other European countries. In the I-MOVE

study, the difference in the mean age between cases and controls in the paediatric population (1–14 years) was 1.5 years, similar to the difference observed in our study [24]. Almost all nasopharyngeal swabs were carried out within 2 days from symptoms onset to the ED, which is associated with a greater specificity. The fact that results were obtained several days after having conducted the test, excludes the possibility that the exposure information may have been biased by the knowledge of case/control status (and consequently no recall or ascertainment bias may have played a role). In Italy, influenza vaccination remains an unmet priority, as only 4% of children were vaccinated in the recent seasons [23]. Efforts should focus on paediatricians to discuss the importance of influenza vaccination for preventing major complications in both at-risk and healthy children. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of existing studies may provide the basis for a new awareness on the positive benefit-risk profile of the influenza vaccination even among healthy children. Our study provides additional data on the effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing visits to the Emergency Departments and hospitalisations

for ILI, and adds further evidence for vaccination recommendations especially in children. The study was partially funded by the Italian Medicines Agency Talazoparib (AIFA). “
“Human infection with a newly emerged avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus was first confirmed in March 31, 2013, in China [1]. To date there have been 251 cases of human infection

caused by H7N9 virus in twelve provinces and two municipalities in China, with 20–30% mortality rate among infected Mephenoxalone individuals. A case of severe illness imported from China was also confirmed in Taiwan in late summer, 2013 [2]. The clinical research reported that most of patients infected with the novel H7N9 virus exhibit severe illness, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with high rates of intensive care unit admission or death, suggesting it is highly pathogenic and high fatality rate to human [1]. Recent evidence showed that the novel H7N9 virus is originally zoonotic and may be better adapted than other avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 to infect human [1], [3], [4], [5] and [6]. Although no direct evidence has indicated the human-to-human transmission of the avian-origin H7N9 virus, recent studies reported that the virus may evolve to have the human-transmittable features through mutation in inhibitors receptor binding site or genetic reassortment, and possibly results in a global pandemic in the future [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11].