Ginsenoside Rg3 in methanol extraction of heat-processed ginseng has antioxidative and antitumor effects [8]. Ginsenoside Rh2 is a major active anticancer saponin in ginseng extracts [9]. Ginsenoside Rh2 treatment modulates the protein expression level of p21 and cyclin D, and leads to a marked reduction in the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells [10]. It also provokes apoptosis through activating p53 and inducing

the proapoptotic regulator Bax in colorectal cancer cells [11]. In addition, Rh2 markedly reduces the viability of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) by arresting the G1 phase cell cycle via p15 INK4B and p27 KIP1-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent Akt tumor kinases [12]. Many studies on BG have been performed because interest in it has increased PD0332991 research buy recently. The main component of BG is reportedly Rg5 (Fig. 1) [13]. Studies demonstrate it has diverse physiological activity such as anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells [14], protective effects on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice [15], and inhibitory effects in a mouse model with oxazolone-induced chronic

dermatitis [16]. Rg5 reportedly blocks the cell cycle of SK-HEP-1 cells at the Gl/S transition phase by downregulating cyclin E-dependent kinase activity [17]. Breast cancer is a very common cancer in women worldwide. In the United States, it is estimated that breast cancer is the leading cause of all cancers (29%) and the second leading cause of death (14%) [18]. In

Korea, 16,015 new cases of breast cancer were reported in 2011 [19]. Anticancer activity of BG extract in the MCF-1 breast cancer cell line exhibited three-fold cytotoxicity, compared with Red ginseng ADP ribosylation factor extract [20]. However, ginseng fine roots contain a higher content of ginseng saponin than ginseng main roots [2]. In the present study, we therefore aimed to investigate anti-breast cancer activity (in the MCF-7 cell line) and the action mechanisms of FBG ethanol extract (EE), FBG butanol fraction (BF; primarily containing saponin), and Rg5 as the major saponin. Fine Black ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) for experiments was purchased from Kumsan Town, Chungcheongnam Province, the Republic of Korea in August 2009. All other chemicals were of an analytical reagent grade. Distilled water for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and acetonitrile were purchased from J.T. Baker SOLUSORB (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). The standards were purchased from Chromadex (Santa Ana, CA, USA) and Ambo Institute (Seoul, South Korea). Proton magnetic resonance, carbon magnetic resonance, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra were measured with INOVA-500 (500 MHz) (Varian). The mass spectrum was taken on a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry device (JMS-700; Jeol, Seoul, Korea). For the experiments, Rg3 was purchased from Chromadex.

7A), corroborating our Western blot analysis indicating that the neurotoxin failed to alter NF-L content. In addition, we did not detect significantly decreased immunofluorescence for NeuN ( Fig. 7B). Moreover,

Western blot analysis with anti-caspase 3 antibody showed that in (PhTe)2 treated striatal slices this key caspase is activated, indicating apoptotic cell death (Fig. 8A). In an attempt to determine signaling mechanisms involved in the neuronal damage we evaluated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Western blot analysis using anti-Akt antibody showed decreased see more phosphoAkt immunoreactivity (Fig. 8B) in (PhTe)2 treated slices, which is compatible with down-regulated survival mechanisms in the striatum of treated animals (Zhao et al., 2006). Also, it was evaluated the GSK-3-β activity, since it is described as a kinase that can be modulated PD-L1 mutation by Akt activity (Zhao et al., 2006). We found that phosphoGSK-3-β (Ser9) was not altered in the striatum of (PhTe)2 injected rats, suggesting that this kinase is not directly implicated in the neurotoxicity of this compound (Fig. 8C). Fig. 8D depicts the representative immunological reaction of active caspase 3, Akt and phosphoAkt. We have previously demonstrated that young rats (15 day-old) acutely injected with (PhTe)2 at 0.3 μmol/kg of body weight

presented weight loss from day 2 up to day 6 after drug exposure, indicating systemic toxicity at this concentration (Heimfarth et al., 2008). In the present study we attempted to further investigate the mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity of (PhTe)2 in acutely injected 15 day-old rats. We have chosen the striatum, since it is well known that, in rodents, neurotoxins produce a number of neurochemical changes in striatal glial and neuronal cells (Pierozan et al., 2012). Therefore, elucidation of the biochemical steps leading to (PhTe)2-induced neurotoxicity provide us new

clues to the mechanisms underlying the actions of this neurotoxin in brain. these Hyperphosphorylated IF proteins NF-L, NF-M and NF-H from neurons as well as GFAP and vimentin from rat astrocytes reflect an altered activity of the phosphorylating system associated with the IF proteins in this cerebral structure. Despite the physiological role of NF phosphorylation is to date not completely clear, phosphorylation of amino-terminal domain of NF-L and other IF subunits has been related to their association into filamentous structures (for review see Sihag et al., 2007), while in vitro phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal domains of NF-H and NF-M straightens individual NFs and promotes their alignment into bundles ( Leterrier et al., 1996). Otherwise, the in vivo phosphorylation of these proteins is associated with an increased interNF spacing ( Hsieh et al., 1994). As a consequence, NF-H and NF-M carboxyl-terminal side arms extend and form cross-bridges among NF and other cytoskeletal elements ( Gotow et al., 1994).

This shift in the accQPO4/accQCT relationship is explained by the complete

exhaustion of the previously deposited Fe-P supply and the confinement of PO4 release to organic matter mineralization. The Redfield-like composition of the organic matter contrasts with the C/P ratios of up to 400 that were observed during intense blooms of N2-fixing cyanobacteria (Larsson et al. 2001). Possibly this does not affect the accQPO4/accQCT ratio, because the excess carbon is mineralized before the corresponding particles have arrived in the deeper water layers. Crizotinib cost The opposite pattern for the relationship between accQPO4 and accQCT is observed in SL4 (Figure 4d). Because of the oxic conditions during the initial stagnation, PO4 generated by organic

matter mineralization is precipitated as Fe-P and the accQPO4 values are close to zero. Only at higher accQCT, when a shift to anoxic conditions develops in SL4, is a drastic increase of accQPO4 observed due to Fe-P dissolution. The situation is less clear in SL3 (Figure 4c), where no clear distinction between PO4 release by mineralization of organic matter MEK inhibitor drugs and Fe-P dissolution can be made. Based on accQPO4, we estimated the amount of Fe-P deposited at the sediment surface during the previous deep water renewal and redissolved during the subsequent stagnation period. Therefore, we used only the data from SL1 and SL2, because we

were unable to judge whether the Fe-P supply in SL3 and SL4 was entirely dissolved at the end of the stagnation period. Multiplication of accQPO4 in SL1 and CHIR-99021 in vitro SL2 at the end of the 26-month stagnation period (Table 4, last line) by the corresponding SL volumes (Table 1) gives the total accQPO4 inventory below 200 m. Relating this value to the underlying sediment area (Table 1) yields a total PO4 release of 100 mmol m−2, which includes contributions by Fe-P dissolution and organic phosphorus mineralization. To estimate the latter we first calculated the total CT release in SL1 and SL2 (Table 3) during the stagnation period following the same procedure as for the calculation of the total PO4 release. A value of 5.7 mol-C m−2 was obtained which, based on the Redfield C/P ratio of 106, corresponds to an organic P mineralization of 54 mmol m−2. Hence, the Fe-P dissolution and thus the Fe-P storage during the previous transition from anoxic to oxic conditions amounted to 46 mmol m−2. This is roughly 50% less than the value given by Gustafsson & Stigebrandt (2007) for the average release of PO4 by Fe-P dissolution at the sediment surface when the overlying waters are turning to anoxic conditions.

This may be explained by the fact that although both Cys C and Cr are filtered by the glomerulus, a portion of Cr is also secreted by the tubules and excreted in urine [21]. When glomerular filtration is compromised, tubular secretion of Cr is increased in order to maintain normal plasma Cr concentration [22]. The results therefore suggest that RFU children had a less efficient glomerular filtration

rate and a compensatory Metformin cell line increase in tubular secretion of Cr. An alternative possibility is that the RFU children had a lower lean body mass/weight ratio than LC children resulting in a lower daily release of Cr into the circulation which may have obscured the lower GFR. Cys C is regarded as a more sensitive marker for the calculation of eGFR in children because of problems of interpreting those based on Cr [23]. The data therefore suggest that RFU children had a less efficient GFR but not sufficient to cause clinical problems. Both the original and follow-up studies measured FGF23 concentrations using the learn more Immutopics C-terminal FGF23 assay which detects both the intact FGF23 hormone and its C-terminal fragments. In the case of RFU

it is likely that the elevated FGF23 was reflecting both an increased production of intact and biologically active FGF23 hormone and possibly a greater proportion of presumed inactive C-terminal fragments. Another intriguing finding was the inverse correlation between Hb and FGF23 in RFU children. As iron deficiency anaemia is endemic in The Gambia [24] a lower Hb in these children is likely to imply a lower iron status. A finding of a relationship between Hb and FGF23 therefore supports previous suggestions of the involvement of iron in FGF23 metabolic pathways [25] and [26]. Researchers have hypothesised that iron is required for the clearance of FGF23 fragments by the kidney and also that iron may inhibit the cleavage of intact FGF23 [25]. It is possible that the combination of low iron status and lower eGFR may have resulted in greater amounts of

circulating FGF23 fragments in RFU children, due to less efficient clearance by the Vitamin B12 kidney and/or an increased production of C-terminal fragments. None of the RFU children had radiological signs of active rickets but only half of the children had recovered from their lower-limb deformities. Those with persisting deformities were of similar age but had higher 1,25(OH)2D and lower Cys C-eGFR when compared with those who had recovered. A study carried out in Nigeria suggested incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis (idRTA) as a possible cause of differing rates of recovery from rickets-like-deformities [27]. However, it is an unlikely explanation in this Gambian study as idRTA is characteristically accompanied by high uCa which was not seen in the RFU children.

919, DF = 29, p = 0.0001) ( Supplementary data Fig. 3). It can thus be argued that % N is a proxy for organic carbon in St Helena Bay. In order to determine the trace metal concentrations in sediments, sub-samples from each core were dried (60 °C, 24 h) and ground to homogeneity. Approximately 2 g of sediments were then digested using an acid mixture of 4:1 (HCl:HNO3) at 110 °C on a Gerhardt digestion block for 3 h following Morton and Roberts (1999). The supernatant CB-839 was then filtered off and diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. A UNICAM SOLAAR M-SERIES Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used to determine the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Cd and Cr in the sediments. The similarity in

the multivariate environment (grain size, and trace metal concentrations) at the different pipeline and non-pipeline sites in the two locations was calculated using Euclidean distance, following log10(x + 1) and normalisation of the data. This matrix was visualised by ordination using non metric multidimensional scaling (nMMDS) in PRIMER v6. In order to determine whether there were a priori differences between pipeline and non-pipeline sites in the environment at each location, and between locations (factors), the multivariate data were analysed using the PERMANOVA NVP-BEZ235 concentration routine in PRIMER v6. PERMANOVA

tests the simultaneous response of variables to one or more factors in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) experimental design on the basis of a resemblance measure, using permutation methods ( Anderson et al. 2008). The routine partitions the total sum of squares according to the specified experimental design, including appropriate treatment of factors that are fixed or random, crossed or nested, and all interaction terms. Here the different sample sites are nested within either Carbachol pipeline or non-pipeline factors (both considered random), which in turn are nested by location (fixed). A distance-based pseudo-F statistic is

computed (analogous to the F statistic for multi-factorial ANOVA models) and p-values are subsequently obtained by permutation. In order to determine the relationship between the measured environmental variables, non-parametric Spearman Rank Order correlations were performed in STATISTICA v. 11 and significance values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction (Townend, 2002). The similarity between samples in terms of their foraminifera was calculated using the Bray-Curtis Index (Clarke and Gorley, 2006), following root-root transformation of the abundance data. Living and dead assemblages were treated separately and all analyses were computed using PRIMER v6 software. The similarity matrices were subsequently visualised using nMMDS plots. Living foraminifera are presumed to respond to the environment in which they are found, whilst dead individuals provide an indication of post-mortem and taphonomic processes such as advection (Murray, 1991).

, 2010; restricted to not extend

beyond the atlas definition of the fusiform gyrus), a property of the pOTS reported in previous studies (Bruno et al., 2008 and Kronbichler et al., 2004). Finally, although our hypotheses primarily concern posterior temporo-parietal regions thought to be involved in the computation of orthography, phonology, and semantics leading up to word pronunciation (i.e., the regions in Fig. 4), an ROI located primarily in the pars opercularis and triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was also included. This ROI was defined based on word-frequency related activation in the IFG from Graves et selleck products al. (2010; masked to ensure it did not extend beyond the atlas definition of the IFG). There is ample evidence suggesting a role for this region in aspects of phonological processing (Bookheimer, 2002, Katz et al., 2005 and Sandak et al., 2004), although the degree to which activations in

this region are distinguishable from effects of working memory or time-on-task is unclear (Binder et al., 2005, Cattinelli et al., 2013, Graves et al., 2010 and Taylor et al., 2013). The participants considered here are a subset of those involved in a previous fMRI study (N = 20; Graves et al., 2010). DTI data were collected on 18 (12 female) healthy, literate adults who spoke English as a first language. Their mean age was 23.1 (SD: 3.6), mean years of education 16.6 (SD: 3.3). All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and were right-handed on the Edinburgh handedness inventory ( Oldfield, 1971). Sotrastaurin molecular weight A verbal IQ estimate from the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading ( Wechsler, 2001) PLEK2 showed a mean standard score of 109.3 (SD: 8.4). All participants provided written consent and were paid an hourly stipend

according to local Institutional Review Board protocols. Details of the stimuli and task are provided in Graves et al. (2010). The most relevant points to emphasize for the current analysis are that the task was reading aloud, and the stimuli consisted of 465 words for which length in letters, spelling-sound consistency, word frequency, imageability, bigram frequency, and biphone frequency were all uncorrelated. Graves et al. reported that imageability of the stimuli was uncorrelated with word frequencies from a large text-based corpus (Baayen, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995); it is also uncorrelated with frequencies from a corpus of spoken English (Brysbaert & New, 2009), (r = 0.08, p > 0.05). To address whether skilled readers differ in the degree to which they use semantic information in reading aloud, we analyzed RTs using multiple linear regression with the following 6 explanatory variables: length in letters, word frequency, consistency, imageability, the multiplicative interaction of word frequency and consistency, and the multiplicative interaction of consistency and imageability.

Większość przepisów, które zostały wdrożone, dotyczy wyłącznie telewizji i bezpośredniej reklamy w szkołach, a pozostawia prawie nieuregulowaną przestrzeń internetu, sponsoringu i promocji krzyżowych [29], [30], [31] and [32]. W niektórych państwach europejskich http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/epigenetics-compound-library.html przepisy regulujące nadawanie reklam do dzieci są znacznie dalej idące. W wielkiej Brytanii, Grecji, Danii i Belgii w dużym stopniu ograniczono możliwości kierowania reklamy do

małoletnich, natomiast w Szwecji i Norwegii, podobnie jak w Quebecu nielegalne jest kierowanie reklam do dzieci poniżej 12. roku życia [32] and [33]. W polskim prawodawstwie regulacje dotyczące reklamy wprowadzone są w Ustawie o radiofonii i telewizji z dnia 29 grudnia 1992 w artykule 16b. ustęp 3a i 3b, w poprawkach z 23 maja 2011 roku. W myśl cytowanych zapisów „audycjom dla dzieci nie powinny towarzyszyć przekazy handlowe dotyczące artykułów spożywczych lub napojów zawierających składniki, których obecność w nadmiernych ilościach

w codziennej diecie jest niewskazana”. (3b) „Krajowa Rada, po zasięgnięciu opinii ministra właściwego do spraw zdrowia, może określić, w drodze rozporządzenia rodzaje artykułów spożywczych lub napojów zawierających składniki, których obecność w nadmiernych ilościach w codziennej www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html diecie jest niewskazana, oraz sposób umieszczania w programach przekazów handlowych dotyczących tych artykułów, tak aby przekazy te nie towarzyszyły audycjom dla dzieci – dążąc do zachęcenia nadawców do przeciwdziałania promowaniu niezdrowego odżywiania wśród dzieci oraz uwzględniając charakter programów, ich wpływ na kształtowanie opinii publicznej i oddziaływanie na interesy odbiorców, bez nakładania nieuzasadnionych obowiązków na nadawców” [34]. W chwili obecnej Ministerstwo Zdrowia przygotowuje w porozumieniu z

KRRiT szczegółowe Inositol monophosphatase 1 przepisy aktu wykonawczego do cytowanych przepisów. Innym cennym rozwiązaniem prozdrowotnej polityki żywieniowej państwa jest implementacja znanych z innych krajów rozwiązań w postaci wartościowania jakości odżywczej produktów żywieniowej (tzw. nutrition profiling). Pracownicy systemu opieki zdrowotnej są szczególnie zobligowani do edukowania rodziców i dzieci na temat trudnych problemów społecznych i zdrowotnych związanych z wpływem mass mediów zarówno klasycznych, jak i cyfrowych. Powinni zachęcać rodziców do kontrolowania nie tylko czasu spędzanego przez dzieci w przed ekranem telewizora czy komputera, ale także do kontrolowania treści oglądanych audycji. Budowanie umiejętności rozpoznawania zdrowej żywności powinno zaczynać się od najwcześniejszych lat życia człowieka. W tym aspekcie kreowanie tej umiejętności, tzw. health literacy powinno opierać się na dostarczaniu odpowiedniej informacji na temat zasad prawidłowego żywienia, na przykład w postaci podręczników żywieniowych dołączanych do książeczek zdrowia dziecka.

Despite China’s

capacity-reduction plans, its fleet continues to build [9]. In Viet Nam’s Gulf of Tonkin, where engine power rose by a factor of 11 over just 20 years, fisheries quickly moved from initial development to overexploitation [1]—especially ominous for a country rated most economically dependent on its fishery sector in the world [30]. For Asia, export income and access to global markets has spurred the spread of overfishing, and in 2000, Thailand and China were the top two exporters of marine products [31]. As a net exporter, China is a significant importer too, recently consuming 26.1 kg/yr per capita, nearly double the average world per capita consumption excluding China [9]. In the waters off Africa, both South Africa and Namibia, present in Table 1, are beneficiaries of find more the rich Benguela upwelling system. Before independence in 1990, Namibia’s waters were fished mainly by South African vessels [6], leading to the depletion of hake in the 1970s Carfilzomib in vivo [35] and [36] and the legacy of losses in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The country has since Namibianized its fisheries, providing incentives for greater Namibian involvement and employing better enforcement methods [28] and [36],

contributing to high effectiveness ratings for its management [28] and [29]. Indeed, Namibia is now regarded as a model among developing countries for its sustainable fisheries management [1]. In Fig. 2, estimated revenue losses were deep for many of Africa’s Atlantic coast countries. Among these, the high prevalence of undernourishment in the population (%) is a serious concern for the Democratic Republic of Congo (76%), Angola (43%), Liberia (40%), Guinea Bissau (32%), Namibia (19%), and Guinea (17%) [31]. Pitcher et al. scored Angola as failing badly in its fishery management, as FAO code compliance was strongly correlated to both corruption and poor governance [28], and fishing by foreign fleets is extensive [6] and [29]. A net exporter in the 1960s, the Cameroon-to-Angola region is now a net importer, partly due to the

civil war and other turmoil endemic to African nations following independence from colonialization [36] and [37]. Regardless of conflict, foreign fleets have depleted African fish stocks for decades Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase and sizable fleets still operate with or without permits off the coast of West Africa, mostly to serve EU demand but without much benefit to the local populaces [11], [29] and [38]. In fact, the lack of Somali fishery protection from foreign commercial vessels targeting tuna and possibly dumping waste has been suggested as a potential cause of the piracy problem in the country’s waters [39] and [40]. Although no countries from Oceania appear in Table 1 or Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, serious losses to island states related to heavy foreign fishing [29] merit discussion.

“
“See Covering the Cover synopsis on page 946; see editorial on page 959. Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease and accounts

for a large proportion of liver cirrhosis cases and hepatocellular carcinomas.1 Given an estimated 130 to 170 million infected individuals worldwide and the high prevalence in industrialized countries, intensive efforts are being undertaken to improve antiviral therapy.2 Very recently, HCV-specific direct-acting antiviral drugs Apoptosis Compound Library mw have become available that allow virus elimination in the majority of treated patients, however, drug resistance, incomplete genotype coverage, and high costs are important limitations.3 HCV is a plus-strand RNA virus encoding a single polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved into 10 different products (reviewed in Moradpour and Penin4). Of these, nonstructural protein (NS) 3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B form a multiprotein complex mediating viral replication. Like all plus-strand RNA viruses, HCV replication occurs in cytoplasmic membranous factories. These are composed primarily of double- and multimembrane vesicles forming a heterogeneous Atezolizumab meshwork designated “membranous web” (MW).5 and 6 It is induced by a concerted action

of HCV replicase proteins6 together with host cell factors, most notably phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase IIIα (PI4KIIIα).7 and 8 This lipid kinase is recruited to viral replication sites by interaction with NS5A, leading to the accumulation of high amounts of PI4-phosphate (PI4P) at intracellular membranes. NS5A is a multifunctional zinc-binding protein (reviewed in Moradpour and Penin4). It is phosphorylated at several sites by cellular kinases giving rise to basal (p56) and hyperphosphorylated (p58) NS5A. Phosphorylation is thought to regulate the multitude

of NS5A functions, including RNA binding and self-interaction. NS5A is composed of an N-terminal amphipathic α-helix (AH) tethering the protein to membranes,9 D-malate dehydrogenase a highly structured domain I (DI)10 and 11 and 2 intrinsically unfolded “domains” with limited sequence conservation between genotypes (reviewed in Moradpour and Penin4). Four x-ray crystal structures of NS5A DI of genotype 1 revealed virtually identical monomer conformations, but distinct dimer organizations that have been proposed to form multimeric complexes.10, 11 and 12 High-throughput screening with HCV replicons and optimization of lead compounds led to the development of highly potent direct-acting antiviral drugs targeting NS5A and efficiently inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and virus assembly.13, 14 and 15 As illustrated with daclatasvir, the first inhibitor of this class, these drugs are characterized by a symmetric structure with a rigid central core and unparalleled antiviral activity.

Ellipsoid plots are generated in the standard way [25] and [30]: a

unit sphere is scaled by the moduli of the eigenvalues in the three primary directions, rotated into the principal axis frame of the tensor and translated to the point of the corresponding nucleus. Blue axes are drawn inside for positive eigenvalues and red axes for negative eigenvalues. Dipolar interaction tensors are not visualized – inter-nuclear Idelalisib dipolar coupling is visually apparent from the distances and electron–nuclear dipolar coupling is contained in the hyperfine interaction. In systems with multiple electrons, the inter-electron dipolar coupling is either contained in the distances (in the individual electron spin representation) or in the zero-field splitting tensor (in the total electron spin representation). It is often the case in Magnetic Resonance simulations that electrons do not have specific Cartesian coordinates, being instead delocalized over the nuclear ensemble and manifesting themselves through hyperfine interactions. For this reason electrons are drawn separately Selleck Trametinib in the lower part of the central area of Fig. 3. Electron interaction ellipsoids rotate synchronously with the rest of the molecule, but the electrons themselves (visualized as translucent blobs)

do not move around the visualization window. Zero-field splitting tensors and g-tensors are visualized as ellipsoids centered on their corresponding electrons and inter-electron exchange couplings are shown as coils with the amplitude Vorinostat mouse mapped to the color. A summary of the visualization methods is given in Table 1. Visualization tab in the upper part of the main window controls the appearance and scaling of the ellipsoids as well as magnitude-color maps in the 3D view using logarithmic sliders. Visualization of individual interactions may be switched on and off using the tick boxes. NMR and EPR buttons switch the 3D view to the visualization of the corresponding interactions – shielding, shift, J-coupling,

quadrupolar coupling for the NMR mode; g-tensor, hyperfine coupling, exchange coupling, zero-field splitting for the EPR mode. The primary format for spin system data storage and retrieval is SpinXML, but the GUI can also import Gaussian 03/09 logs (*.log, *.out), Cartesian XYZ files (*.xyz, coordinates only, isotopes are guessed) and both versions of CASTEP files (*.magres). When multiple instances of the relevant tables are present in the file (e.g. multiple coordinate sections in geometry optimizations), the last section is read. For Gaussian 03/09 calculations, the detailed printing option is required in the route section of the input file. Electronic structure theory calculations often produce large quantities of small interactions (e.g.