Embora classificado como grave crime de guerra, mulheres capturadas são violadas muitas vezes de forma múltipla e repetida e, não raro, submetidas à tortura, mutilação e execução. A ONU estima que foram violentadas cerca de 50 mil mulheres na antiga Iugoslávia com o perverso objetivo de provocar a gravidez forçada e alcançar a eliminação étnica.17 Cerca de 20 mil mulheres jovens e meninas em Uganda podem ser infectadas pelo HIV a cada ano como resultado do estupro praticado por forças militares ou milícias armadas.18 Enquanto situações como essas causam profunda perplexidade nos países ocidentais, muitos indicadores

locais fortemente negativos para as mulheres não provocam semelhante indignação, nem resultam nas mesmas respostas públicas ou governamentais. selleck kinase inhibitor A cada dia morrem 800 mulheres no mundo por complicações evitáveis relacionadas com gestação, parto e puerpério.19 A mortalidade materna ainda é um drama violento, sinalizador do respeito que

uma sociedade tem (ou não) pela saúde e pelos direitos reprodutivos find more das mulheres. Quase 99% desses óbitos ocorrem nos países em desenvolvimento e atingem, principalmente, mulheres pobres e vulneráveis, sem causar maior comoção.20 O recente relatório da ONU, resultado de pesquisa em 190 países, estima que 120 milhões de mulheres no mundo sofram estupro antes dos 20 anos. O homicídio é a principal causa de morte entre jovens de 10 a 19 anos em países da América Latina como Venezuela, Colômbia, Panamá e Brasil. Segundo o Relatório Global sobre Homicídios, feito pelo Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crime (UNODC), em 2012 foram registrados 50.108 homicídios no Brasil,

equivalente a 10% dos assassinatos cometidos em todo o mundo, o que coloca o país no segundo grupo de países mais violentos do mundo. No que toca às mulheres, os números não são mais favoráveis. Entre 2002 e 2006 foram registrados mais de oito mil óbitos de mulheres brasileiras entre 15 e 29 anos, resultado direto de agressões físicas praticadas pelos homens. Quase 12% das regiões analisadas no país apresentam taxa elevada de letalidade de mulheres, muito acima da média nacional, o que alerta para a magnitude e as complexidades regionais do problema.21 A violência de gênero é uma relação de forças que transforma as diferenças entre os sexos em desigualdades. Homens Edoxaban e mulheres terminam classificados pelo gênero e separados em duas categorias, uma dominante e outra dominada, e obedecem‐se requisitos impostos pela heterossexualidade.22 A violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno universal. Contudo, elementos da cultura e do cotidiano ainda permitem que suas diferentes expressões causem distintas reações. Ao mesmo tempo em que as ações do Taliban e do Boko Haram são censuradas e tratadas como absurdos no mundo ocidental, a morte e o sofrimento de milhões de mulheres em nosso meio pouca vezes provoca a mesma reação.

3 currents in human T lymphocytes ( Fig. 4B). The dose-response relationships of OcyTx2 for the inhibition of both Shaker-B and Kv1.3 channels, obtained from experiments as in A & B, are presented as the Lineweaver–Burk reciprocal-plot in Fig. 4C. The dissociation constants obtained from the corresponding slopes are 93.5 nM and 18.0 nM for Shaker-B and Kv1.3, respectively. The direct dose-response relationships are shown in Fig. 4D for the inhibition of the Shaker-B and Kv1.3 currents by OcyTx2. Fitting the Hill equation to the data points ( Fig. 4D, solid lines) yielded Kd = 96.6 nM, nH = 1.00

and Kd = 17.7 nM, nH = 1.10, respectively, in close agreement with the values obtained with the double-reciprocal plot of the points, which indicates that the toxin binds to channels with a Ipilimumab concentration 1:1 stoichiometry. Fig. 4E shows the current-voltage relationship obtained for Kv1.3 using a voltage-ramp protocol, thereby allowing the determination of the activation threshold of the Kv1.3 current in control solution and Selleck Pictilisib in the presence of OcyTx2, Fig. 4E shows that the activation threshold of Kv1.3 does not change upon treatment with 20 nM OcyKTx2, and confirms that this peptide does not affect the voltage-dependence of the activation gating of the channel. Thus, the reduction

of the peak currents in the presence of OcyKTx2 is a consequence of blockage of the K+ current rather than an overt shift in the voltage-dependence of gating. Herein we have described the functional characterization of OcyKTx2, a 34 amino acid long peptide with four disulfide bridges and a molecular weight of 3807 Da. OcyKTx2 is the second KTx that has been purified and characterized from O. cayaporum scorpion venom. Based on sequence alignment, identity and Lepirudin phylogenetic tree analysis we propose that OcyKTx2 belongs to the KTx6 family of scorpion toxins and thus its systematic name is α-KTx6.17. It is interesting to note that all KTx6 peptides were identified in non-Buthidae scorpions, and since Buthidae scorpions are mostly studied because of their medical importance, it seems that KTx6

peptides are restricted to the Iurida (suborder) and to the superfamily Scorpionoidea, which includes the Bothriuridae, Liochelidae, Scorpionidae, and Urodacidae families. Except for α-KTx6.11 (IsTX from O. madagascariensis) and α-KTx6.16 (OcyC12, a putative sequence described in the cDNA library of O. cayaporum), all other α-KTx6 peptides were included in the same branch in the phylogenetic tree (Fig 3). In this branch were also included Vm23 and Vm24, purified from Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, two peptides belonging to α-KTx7 family from Pandinus imperator (UniProtKB P55927 and P55928), and Parabutoxin-3 (α-KTx1.10 from Parabuthus transvaalicus, UniProtKB P83112). The last one is the only peptide belonging to a Buthidae scorpion included in this branch. Most scorpion KTxs are three disulfide-bounded peptides. All members of α-KTx6 subfamily possess four S-S bridges.

Note that we did not seek to mimic the mentholation process used by industry, nor to replicate the menthol content of a specific commercial cigarette. Rather, our goal was to produce cigarettes with a known amount of menthol at the upper end Rucaparib molecular weight of the range of the levels reported for commercial brands so as to maximize the likelihood for measuring potential differences in our human exposure studies. To accomplish these goals we developed a technique to generate cigarettes at predefined and reproducible levels of menthol. We also developed and qualified a method to co-extract

and measure both the menthol and nicotine content of the tobacco rod and cigarette filter, as it is important that the amount of menthol and nicotine in the custom-mentholated 5-FU order cigarettes be accurately characterized for our ongoing exposures studies. This paper describes our custom mentholation

procedure based on direct vapor deposition, the nicotine and menthol analysis method adopted, and the assessment of pertinent characteristics of our custom-mentholated cigarettes that serve to verify their similarity to their nonmentholated precursors. These characteristics included their menthol and nicotine content, the distribution of nicotine and menthol between the tobacco rod and filter, the transfer efficiency of both menthol and nicotine from the tobacco rod to mainstream smoke, and the rate of loss of menthol and nicotine from the stored cigarettes over time. To evaluate the menthol and nicotine content of the unburned cigarettes, we separated each cigarette into rod (tobacco and paper) and filter, weighed them to the nearest 0.1 mg, and extracted and analyzed the rod and filter separately using a technique adapted from previously published work [30]. Extraction was performed using a solution of 0.8 mL isopropanol (Fisher), 20 mL methyl tert-butyl

ether (MTBE; Sigma-Aldrich) containing a surrogate compound, quinoline (Sigma-Aldrich) at 100 μg/mL, and 2 mL of 2 N sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich). After agitation Cepharanthine on an orbital shaker for four hours at 160 rotations per minute (rpm), the resulting extract was stored at -20 °C until analysis. Analysis was performed on an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) using a 15 m x 0.53 mm, 1 μm film thickness DB-WAX capillary column (Agilent). Under constant flow conditions of 3 mL/min helium, a 1 μL splitless injection was performed. The oven temperature was programmed as follows: initial temperature of 65 °C for 2 min; 4 °C/min to 85 °C, 2 min hold; 20 °C/min to 235 °C, 2 min hold; 18.5 min total GC runtime. The GC/FID was calibrated for L-menthol (CAS # 216-51-5, Acros) and (-)-nicotine (CAS # 54-11-5, Sigma-Aldrich) using seven calibration standards prepared in extraction solvent and ranging in concentration from 5 to 1,000 μg/mL.

Image enhanced endoscopy is extremely useful to detect non-polypoid neoplasia and is now recommended by the AGA, the British Society for Gastroenterology and the Australian Cancer Council. However, video descriptions of imageenhanced endoscopy

for detection of IBD-related neoplasia are rare. We present several illustrative examples. The detection, diagnosis and treatment of all dysplasia – polypoid and non-polypoid – is important in patients with IBD. Early detection can save lives. The video learn more provides important information on the recommended technique to screen for dysplasia in patients with IBD and, more importantly, examples of the difficult to find flat and depressed neoplasms. “
“In the article, “Comparison of Hospital Performance in Emergency Versus

Elective General Surgery Operations at 198 Hospitals,” by Angela M Ingraham, MD, Mark E Cohen, PhD, Mehul V Rahal, MD, Clifford Y Ko, MD, MS, MSHS, FACS, and Avery B Nathens, MD, MPH, PhD, FACS, which appeared in the January 2011 issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, volume 212, pages 20-28, Figure 1 and Figure 2 were incorrect, due to an editorial error. The correct figures and legends are: “
“Migration of fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) remains a significant limitation, especially in benign diseases. The lack of a stricture (leaks, fistulae) can further increase the migration rates of Sunitinib in vivo FCSEMS. Hemostatic clips are notoriously poor at securing SEMS in place. We describe the use of an over-the-scope clipping (OTSC) device (Ovesco, Tübingen, Germany) to secure the proximal end of FCSEMS [23mm X 155mm Wallflex stent, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, (case1) and 18mm x 60mm Niti-S stent, Taewoong, Ureohydrolase Seoul, Korea, Case 2,3)] to prevent migration. Data was collected prospectively on 3 patients who underwent placement of an OTSC device to secure FCSEMS in place from 8/2012 to 11/12. Case 1: 40 YM developed a

leak 2 weeks after a vertical sleeve gastrectomy, unsuccessfully treated with an OTSC, FCSEMS and PCSEMS, that migrated. Therefore the proximal end of FCSEMS was secured in place with an OTSC for 10 weeks, leading to closure of the leak. The OTSC was easily cut with argon plasma coagulator (APC) and removed with the SEMS. Case 2: 73 YM developed a retrocardiac abscess after an esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. After migration of a FCSEMS, he was treated with a naso-sinus drain and a FCSEMS secured in place with an OTSC which has resulted in resolution of the abscess, removal of naso-sinus drain and is pending stent removal in 4 weeks. Case 3: 79 YF developed a high-grade refractory (to dilations) anastomotic stricture 3 months after esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma .