28 ± 0.07 mm (n = 10).

In the group injected with B. jararacussu venom the increase in thigh diameter was of 1.21 ± 0.05 mm (n = 5). The treatment with DEXA (1.0 mg/kg) partially antagonized the edema induced by both venoms, reducing it in 20.4% for B. jararaca and 31.4% for B. jararacussu. Pre-incubation of the venoms SB431542 cost with EP (50 μg/kg) reduced the edema induced by B. jararaca in 37.0% and by B. jararacussu in 47.1%. The association of DEXA and EP augmented the inhibition of this effect limiting the edema to 0.69 ± 0.02 mm (n = 5) for B. jararaca and 0.28 ± 0.07 mm (n = 5) for B. jararacussu. We performed the leukocyte count in the animals’ blood 24 h after perimuscular injections of B. jararacussu venom ( Fig. 6A). The group injected with venom (1.0 mg/kg) showed an increase in white cells number up to 11.46 ± 0.71 × 103 cells/mm3 compared to the control PSS group count of 6.78 ± 0.42 × 103 cells/mm3 (n = 8). This count did not alter significantly with the pre-incubation of the venom with 50.0 mg/kg EP (12.46 ± 1.73 × 103 cells/mm3; n = 8). In the group treated with DEXA (1.0 mg/kg) the blood leukocyte number increased up to 15.07 ± 1.34 × 103 cells/mm3, which was also observed with the combination of DEXA and EP (17.16 ± 1.48 × 103 cells/mm3).

We also performed the leukocyte count in the mice EDL muscles 24 h after perimuscular injections ( Fig. 6B). We observed an increase in white cells count in B. jararacussu venom Target Selective Inhibitor Library purchase group (1.0 mg/kg) up to 9.03 ± 1.31 × 106 cells/g (n = 10) compared to 3.54 ± 0.54 × 106 cells/g (n = 10) of the control group. Both DEXA (1.0 mg/kg) and EP extract (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of inflammatory cells down to 6.33 ± 0.59 × 106 cells/g (n = 10) and 5.11 ± 0.82 × 106 cells/g (n = 10), respectively. The oxyclozanide association of both treatments showed additive effect (2.87 ± 0.54 × 106 cells/g). We evaluated the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in EDL muscle 24 h after perimuscular injections (Fig. 6C). B. jararacussu

venom (1.0 mg/kg) increased MPO activity up to 1711.12 ± 149.62 U/g (n = 10) compared to control group (136.54 ± 18.32 U/g; n = 10). Both DEXA and EP treatments reduced significantly the MPO activity in the muscle induced by the venom, but their association did not reduce the enzyme activity any further. Light microscopy of the EDL 3 days after injection of B. jararacussu venom showed structural disorganization of muscle fibers with cellular damage and inflammatory cellular infiltration, characteristics of a typical inflammatory reaction ( Fig. 7). Treatment with DEXA alone preserved the muscle fibers and seemed to reduce the presence of inflammatory cells. The association of DEXA with EP extract restricted inflammatory cells to the muscle periphery and the muscle fibers showed normal aspect at the muscle core.

But if we take the end of the Second World War as our baseline, since over the course of the conflict fish stocks recovered somewhat, the reality is that it is my generation, not just in Great Britain, but globally, that has been responsible for Clover’s and Pauly’s views of an impending fisheries disaster. And by that Pauly

means the end of commercial fishing, as we know it, by 2050 – a figure that matches Clover’s of 2048. Thus, although scientists, environmentalists and journalists have been and still are trying to draw public attention to the plight of the world’s fisheries, a second reality is that the politicians, again pretty much of my generation, have failed spectacularly in their duty to uphold and protect the interests PD-1/PD-L1 tumor and livelihoods of their citizens and the natural resources we all depend on (and are told by nutritionalists we should eat more of). What is needed now, post festum, are really, hard, enforceable, decisions. “
“The authors regret that in the above-mentioned article, the Acknowledgements were omitted. The Acknowledgements now appear below. The work was funded by the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Project code ME1401). The authors would also like to thank Claire Mason for the sediment particle size analysis carried out in support of this work. “
“The authors regret that in the above-mentioned article, an author name had been spelt incorrectly. The correct

listing now appears above. “
“The authors Androgen Receptor Antagonist solubility dmso regret that in the above-mentioned article, a reference was listed incorrectly. The correct reference now appears below. Dutertre, M., Beninger, P.G., Barillé, L., Papin, M., Rosa, P., Barillé, A.-L., Haure, J., 2009. Temperature and seston quality and quantity effects on field reproduction of farmed oysters Crassostrea gigas, in Bourgneuf Bay, France. Aquatic Living Resources 22, 319–329. “
“Dementia is a global public health priority, with reports suggesting that each year 7.7 million new cases of dementia

are identified.1 Almost half of the elderly living in residential care have dementia or dementia symptoms, which increases to more than three-quarters in nursing homes alone (http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=341). There has been increasing interest in the use of nonpharmacological interventions to improve dementia symptoms and the well-being of residents with Molecular motor dementia and their carers.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 The availability of gardens or outdoor areas in residential homes may offer a range of benefits for people with dementia, including opportunities for active engagement with gardening, walking in an outdoor environment, and sitting in soothing surroundings.9, 10 and 11 Current guidelines for dementia recommend that specific attention should be paid to the physical environment where people with dementia live, including the design of and access to gardens,12 indicating that gardens may be a strong element of future care.

The authors wish to thank Chris Fox and Linda Staniforth for their technical expertise. “
“The leading British expert on the biology of termites and ecology of tropical soils died on 19 October 2012, aged 75. His comprehensive field work in Nigeria had demonstrated the importance of termites in nutrient cycling and the maintenance of soil structure and health. Thomas George Wood was born

on 8 May 1937 in Burnley, England, the son of a bank clerk and a Lancashire housewife. He attended click here Clitheroe Grammar School, where a keen interest in natural history and the outdoors, supported by many camping trips on a bicycle, led him to specialise in science and in 1956 to read Zoology at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. AZD2014 datasheet Graduating with first class honours, he was attracted by mites, completing a PhD on their taxonomy at Nottingham University under the influential soil zoologist Paul Murphy. Small creatures create large challenges for biologists, but Murphy characteristically leavened the potentially dry nature of acarology with a keen interest in functional roles, and Wood thereby gained a lifelong fascination with the often unseen organisms that drive our ecosystems. Moving briefly to New Zealand, where he joined the Department for Science and Industrial Research to study orchard pests, in 1965 he settled in Adelaide, Australia with the (then)

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Division of Soils, and remained until 1972. Among many notable

outputs on mites, earthworms and termites, an early book written with New Zealand expatriate Ken Lee, “Termites and Soils” ( Lee and Wood, 1971), brought together diverse data on termite mounds and the properties of soils affected by termite populations. The book pioneered the concept of termite assemblages as complexes of species with several modes of feeding. This showed their importance in maintaining soil health, resisting erosion and promoting organic decomposition, a role that appeared all the greater in arid environments Florfenicol or where humans disturb the landscape. After forty years, this book remains a basic reference for workers in termite biology and tropical agriculture, still inspiring new studies all over the world. Two further reviews ( Wood, 1976 and Wood, 1978) assessed the role of termites in decomposition processes, again highlighting their diversity of feeding habits and compiling data on feeding rates and ecological impact including nutrient recycling via faeces, saliva, corpses and predation. A concurrent article written with colleague Bill Sands “The role of termites in ecosystems” ( Wood and Sands, 1978) remains the most influential ever published in the field, and is still widely cited as a comprehensive catalogue of abundance and biomass data and a survey of rates of metabolism and food processing.

The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 1.5 g/l sodium bicarbonate, 10 mM

HEPES, pH 7.4, 100 U/ml penicillin G, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere consisting of 95% air and 5% CO2. Cells were passaged approximately twice a week and detached using a 0.25% trypsin–EDTA solution. Cultures with 75–90% confluency and greater than 95% of viable cells in trypan-blue exclusion tests were use for the experiments, and the cells were seeded AZD5363 cost the day prior to the addition of the compound. The catalytic activity of LDH is determined by the rate of disappearance of NADH measured at 340 nm. Briefly, 1 × 105 cells/well were seeded in 24-well plates and incubated for 24 h with G8 and G12. Kinetic monitoring of LDH activity in the supernatant was performed spectrophotometrically selleck compound (T6 UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co. Ltd., China) at 340 nm (Boo et al., 2009). LDH activity was calculated using a molar extinction

coefficient for NADH at 340 nm of 6220 M−1 cm−1. The values were normalized as a percentage of cell viability, considering 100% viable cells in the control. The loss of cell viability was calculated as the percentage increase in LDH activity in the extracellular environment. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) test is used to determine the cell density based on the protein content of viable cells. B16F10 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h with G8 and G12. The results were expressed as a percentage of the control, in which the fluorescence intensity obtained was considered equivalent to 100% viable cells (Vichai and Kirtikara, 2006). The neutral red (NR) uptake assay is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the NR dye in lysosomes (Repetto et al., 2008). B16F10 cells

were seeded at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well in 96-well MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit plates and incubated with G8 and G12 for 24 h. The NR incorporated within lysosomes was extracted and monitored spectrophotometrically (ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader, BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at 540 nm. The results were expressed as a percentage of the control, considering the optical density obtained in the control group as equivalent to 100% viable cells. The MTT method was used to determine cell viability through measurement of mitochondrial activity (Mosmann, 1983). Cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with 0.5 mg/ml MTT at 37 °C for 2 h. The purple formazan formed was monitored spectrophotometrically (ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader, BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at 540 nm. The optical density of the control group (cells without the compounds) was considered equivalent to 100% viable cells, and cell viability was calculated as a percentage of the control.

This left 70 videos, with views ranging from 7103 to 79,956. Next, a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted on the 46 ‘patient’ videos. Some ‘patient’ videos belonged to a ‘channel’. For example, six of the videos analyzed belonged to a highly viewed channel created by one patient. In cases like this, we analyzed the entire channel in order to contextualize the videos. Constant

comparison coding that focused on what patients said as well as how they said it was used. For each video we noted key emergent themes, transcribed portions of the video as relevant, and read the comments posted by viewers. The videos adopted an overwhelmingly positive stance towards CCSVI (67/70: 96%); 66% (46/70) were uploaded by patients, most of which presented pre- and/or post-treatment experiences (30/46: 65%). Of the remaining videos, almost half were news reports (11/24: 45%). Within our sample a Canadian documentary produced in 2009 PD0332991 clinical trial had been uploaded eight

times and translated into several languages (Italian, Polish, and Czech). This video contained interviews with patients as well as with Zamboni; in our sample it had been viewed 150,666 times across its postings. Thus, in the context of CCSVI YouTube is not only used to share personal experiences but, as evidenced by the popularity of this and other videos, these experiences are located in relation to other YouTube videos that reinforce their primarily positive message. We found that ‘patient’ videos could be broken down into Selleckchem PR 171 three sub-types. The first, ‘commercial patient experience’ videos, focused on individual patients, but were produced by a third party for promotional purposes. The second, ‘personal treatment evidence’ videos, focused on the ‘liberation’ procedure and had one or two pre/post videos directly linked to treatment. The third, ‘experiential video diaries’, belonged to a YouTube Vasopressin Receptor channel where patients produced diaries about living with MS and/or CCSVI. In what follows we focus on this qualitative

analysis, but situate it in relation to our wider analysis. These ‘patient’ videos are a rich source of information and can be analyzed in a number of ways. Our focus is on how ‘evidence’ is presented and discussed for or against CCSVI and the ‘liberation’ procedure. Many of the most highly viewed CCSVI-related videos presented people’s experiences pre and post the ‘liberation’ procedure. Patients not only described their symptoms and improvements, but also demonstrated them, performing physical tests to the camera before and after treatment. Walking and mobility changes were quantified visually, with patients’ stepping up and down, jumping, tying shoe laces, walking with and without canes. Pre-treatment and post-treatment videos were frequently filmed in the same place, with the same obstacles (e.g. stairs, benches, foyer of house), aiding the viewer in making a direct comparison.

, 2007). The FOUR aspects of PEST and the FIVE of PESTLE were independently suggested and expanded in Elliott (2002) and Elliott and Cutts (2004) to emphasise that successful and sustainable management requires a set of SIX actions (the 6-tenets) later expanded further as the SEVEN aspects called the 7-tenets (see Box 1) (e.g. see also Mee et al., 2008). By combining ideas on our needs for the marine systems, the consequences of those needs and the Venetoclax means of tackling any problems resulting from those needs and consequences, the FIVE elements of DPSIR framework give us a valuable philosophy for tackling and communicating

our methods of marine management (McLusky and Elliott, 2004 and Atkins et al., 2011). This cyclical framework considers the Driving forces (human activities and Selleck Wortmannin economic sectors responsible for the pressures); Pressures (particular stressors on the environment); State changes (in the characteristics and conditions of the natural environment); Impacts (changes in the human system and the way in which we use the marine area) and Responses (the creation of different policy options and economic instruments to overcome the state changes and impacts). To this we may also add Recovery (a reduction in the state changes as the result of these actions) this giving a SIXTH element

in the DPSIRR framework. We recently took the view that for this approach to be valid, it requires a set of FIFTEEN DPSIR-ES&SB (Ecosystem Services and Societal Benefits) postulates (see Atkins et al., 2011). Business management also takes the view that you cannot management anything unless you can measure it and that by setting quantitative objectives, you will know when your management has achieved something – the management of the environment is exactly the same and so we need indicators of health

which needs to have the FIVE SMART characteristics: Specific, Measurable, Achievable/Appropriate/Attainable, Resminostat Realistic/Results focussed/Relevant, Time-bounded/Timely otherwise they cannot be used in measuring, monitoring and managing change. We need this type of indicators for the P, S and I parts of the DPSIR approach and, increasingly, we need environmental indicators which have THREE basic functions ( Aubry and Elliott, 2006): To simplify: amongst the diverse components of an ecosystem, a few indicators are needed according to their perceived relevance for characterising the overall state of the ecosystem. To quantify: the indicator is compared with reference values considered to be characteristic of either ‘pristine’ or heavily impacted ecosystems to determine changes from reference or expected conditions (e.g. Hering et al., 2010). To communicate: with stakeholders and policy makers, by promoting information exchange and comparison of spatial and temporal patterns.

Given the fact that coffee is highly hygroscopic (Ortalá et al., 1998), it is probable that the water adsorbed in the samples was the major cause for TAG hydrolysis during storage (Fig. 2), and therefore could have blunted the effects of temperature and atmosphere on TAG reduction during storage. On the other hand, the roasting process promotes

free radical formation and is associated with pyrolysis reactions (Morrice, Deighton, Glidewell, & Goodman, 1993) that can accelerate degradation. Possibly, H 89 order free radicals initially present in all the fresh coffee samples might explain the absence of significant differences between inert and oxidizing atmospheres. The interaction between storage time and atmosphere influenced the total TAG content in the 1st, 3rd, and 4th months of storage of light-medium samples (Fig. 2). During these months, the highest contents of TAG were observed in samples under oxidant atmosphere (Fig. 2 and Table 1). It is possible that losses of more thermolabile compounds in oxidant atmosphere, as previously mentioned (Pérez-Martínez et al., 2008; Toci, 2010), have caused this apparent increment in TAG contents. Sigmoidal kinetic curves were obtained for TAG degradation in both roasting degrees (Fig. 2). This indicates a two-step hydrolysis process. In Fig. 2, two periods of stability may be observed in total contents

of TAG during storage, from 2 to 3 months and from 4 to 6 months of storage for the light-medium sample, and from 1 to 2 months and from 3 to 5 months of storage for the dark-medium sample. Tanespimycin datasheet These results suggest a decrease in hydrolysis in these periods. Ortalá et al. (1998) also observed a slow kinetic of lipid degradation during the first 100 days (≈3 months) of storage, followed by 100 days of stability. The classical molecular model for lipid oxidation (Frankel, 2005) establishes that reactions occur through

a chain mechanism controlled DNA ligase by free radical formation, with three typical steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. The main factor affecting the reaction rate was the initiation reaction. On the basis of the model of Koelsch, Downes, and Labuza (1991), as well as on the basis of the present data, it appears that a monomolecular or bimolecular reaction can be responsible for the initiation step of the oxidative chain in coffee, through hydroperoxide decomposition. It depends on the initial concentration of these compounds, as observed in other products. So, during the first months, the initially low hydroperoxide concentration, as also observed by Ortalá et al. (1998) for roasted coffee, favors the monomolecular initiation and, when a critical value is attained, in line with the reaction progress, the bimolecular mechanism becomes more controlled. In the light-medium control sample, FFA content was 0.

The parameter values are identified by iteratively comparing simulation results to experimental data using summed

squares of differences, and a subset of these comparisons across parameter space are compared to check for correlation. The optimal combination is then found by implementing a two-step optimisation process (simulated annealing, followed by Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno minimisation algorithms ( Behzadi et al., 2005, Belisle, 1992, Broyden, 1970, Fletcher, 1970, Goldfarb, 1970 and Shanno, 1970) within the ‘optim’ function in the core package of the R (v2.13.1) statistical and programming environment ( R Development Core Team, 2011). Following preliminary statistical analysis on the change in bromide concentration across all time points, the change in concentration between 0 and 4 h was analysed, as subsequent time periods Docetaxel ic50 showed evidence of tracer equilibration as found elsewhere (e.g. Forster et al., 1999 and Mermillod-Blondin et al., 2004). Linear regression models were developed for each of the dependent variables distance, maximum luminophore depth (lummax), lummed, lummean, lumCV, Δ[Br−], [NH4–N], [NOx–N], [PO4–P] and [SiO2–Si], with levels of pH (6.5

17-AAG solubility dmso or 8.1) and the presence/absence of A. filiformis as independent fixed factors. As a first step a linear regression model was fitted for each dependant variable. Where model validation showed evidence of unequal variance a generalised least squares (GLS; Pinheiro and Bates, 2000 and Zuur et al., 2009) mixed modelling approach was used to model the heterogeneity of variance. All analyses were carried out using the ‘nlme’ package (v3.1-101; Pinheiro et al., 2011) in the R (v2.13.1) statistical and programming environment (R Development Core Team, 2011). Seawater carbonate parameters (Table 1) within the recirculating

seawater tanks were stable throughout the duration of the experiment. A. filiformis survival was 100% throughout the acclimatisation period and over the course of the experiment. Under acidified conditions individuals Urease displayed emergent behaviour within minutes of exposure ( Fig. S1, Time lapse video sequence S1) typical of a stress response to hypoxia ( Nilsson, 1999). Oxygen levels in individual aquaria were not measured, however visual examination of the sediment profile did not reveal any evidence (e.g. changes in sediment colour, elevation of redox boundary; Lyle, 1983) of enhanced reduction. This is coherent with previous studies in which oxygen levels were monitored and echinoderms displayed emergent behaviour in response to hypercapnia (e.g. Widdicombe et al., 2009). Images from the f-SPI sequences showed active particle reworking in both ambient and acidified treatments, however, behavioural differences observed led to subtle changes in the vertical distribution of luminophores between ambient and acidified conditions (Fig. 2, S2 and 3).

The composition and seasonality of stormcast in the Baltic Sea has previously been studied in Puck Bay (Kotwicki et al. 2005) and in the Väinameri area (Kersen & Martin 2007). The importance of beach wrack also becomes evident when one wishes to know how the DAPT cell line composition of beach wrack reflects the coastal sea biodiversity. The concept of using stormcast as a simple method for biodiversity assessment has been previously tested on shelled molluscs by Warwick & Light (2002). Together with water

quality variables, hydrobiological parameters describing seabed vegetation are often included in assessments of the status of coastal environments. Biological diversity is one of the descriptors that should be assessed in connection with the implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the general goal of achieving a good environmental status of marine waters (Torn & Martin 2011). Over time, a huge number of indices have been developed (e.g. Heip & Engels 1974, Magurran 1988, Desrochers & Anand 2004). However, no commonly agreed procedures and methods currently exist for the assessment of marine biodiversity. Within the EU LIFE+funded project MARMONI (‘Innovative approaches for marine biodiversity monitoring and assessment of conservation status of nature values in the Baltic Sea’),

a new method called the Beach Wrack Macrovegetation Index (unpublished) is being developed. NU7441 concentration As the first development stage, the current study investigates the suitability of beach wrack data for describing the biological diversity of the macrovegetation in the coastal sea and evaluates the role of hydrodynamics in the formation of beach wrack in the Baltic Sea. Since collecting beach wrack samples is much easier than fieldwork that involves diving, the method we are 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl outlining here may provide a cost-effective alternative. Hydrodynamic modelling (hindcasts and forecasts of nearshore currents

and waves) may explain in which part of the sea area the wrack material originates and how storm surges and high wave events are linked with the formation of beach wrack strips. Hence, the aims of the present study are (1) to describe the influence of hydrodynamic variations on the formation of beach wrack and (2) to test the differences between the species composition of beach wrack and nearshore benthic communities as sampled by SCUBA diving or underwater video. The study area, the brackish-water Gulf of Riga, is considered to be one of the most eutrophic basins in the Baltic Sea. Therefore the biodiversity, water quality and hydrodynamic processes of the area have been continuously studied (Kautsky et al. 1999, Kotta et al. 2000, Martin 2000, Martin et al. 2003, Suursaar & Kullas 2006, Kovtun et al. 2011). At the present time, 531 species of macroalgae, aquatic vascular plants, charophytes and bryophytes are recorded in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2012).

It is thus important for future research to establish the reliability and validity of the CSQ-SF when used with patient groups. In conclusion, we have shown that the CSQ-SF is a reliable and valid measure of negative cognitive style, and is likely to be a useful research tool in this area. The research described in this article was supported by Wellcome Trust grant 084268/Z/07/Z. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Larisa Duffy to the design

of the CSQ-SF. “
“In PAID, 2012, 52, 2, the article by Martin et al. starting on p. 178 is missing a co-author. The correct list of co-authors is R.A. Martin, J.M. Lastuk, buy Pexidartinib J.A. Schermer, J. Jeffery, P.A. Vernon, and L. Veselka. The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

“
“Following publication, a coding error in the NEO personality measure was discovered. A reanalysis of the affected models found only slight differences that do not substantially change the interpretation of regression model results. However, there selleck compound were several minor ramifications. The correctly coded model resulted in stronger overall fits for both the Personality Model [Old R2 change = 2.975, p = 0.008; New R2 change = 8.259, p < 0.001] and the Cumulative Model, [Old: R2 = 0.306; New: R2 = 0.346] and also changed the contribution of the underlying subscales slightly. Whereas the Openness factor of the NEO had previously not significantly predicted spectating, in the correctly coded data this relationship became significant (β = −0.171, p = 0.005). In addition, the previously reported positive correlation between spectating and also the Extroversion ‘gregariousness’ facet (β = 0.039, p = 0.048) no longer reach criterion significance

(β = 0.112, p = 0.153). All other results remained qualitatively unchanged. “
“The corresponding author regrets that there is a mistake in the acknowledgement about the co-author’s name. The name “Sobocińska Paulina” was wrong, it should be “Sobolewska Paulina”. “
“The authors regret a typographical error was found in the abstract on page 98. The term “Fluoro-Jade (FJB)” in the third sentence should have appeared as “Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)”. “
“Psychopathy, regarded as a personality disorder characterized by interpersonal, affective, and behavioral symptoms, has been the focus of much research and attention in recent decades. Abnormal affective regulation and responses have repeatedly been associated with the disorder, and the study of the relationship between psychopathy and anxiety has a long history ( Lykken, 1957, Patrick, 1994 and Widiger, 2006). In his classic monograph The Mask of Sanity ( Cleckley, 1976), Harvey Cleckley highlighted the indicators of positive psychological functioning in psychopaths.