14), and there was a trend of decreased severe complications (Grade 3–4) in the HDR group (30% LDR vs. 6% HDR; p = 0.06) (27). Other complications include chronic injury to bones and nerves. Bone fractures are reported in 0–4.5% of cases treated with BT (23). In the MSKCC randomized trial of BT vs. surgery alone, there was no significant difference in bone fracture risk between the two cohorts (p = 0.2) (34). The risk of bone fracture is increased with periosteal stripping or bone resection. Chronic neuropathy http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Roscovitine.html is reported in 0–10.1%, but overall it is not believed to be increased by BT [10], [34] and [45]. BT

has been described for treatment of recurrent sarcomas in a previously irradiated field. There is some controversy as to the benefit of reirradiation. Torres et al. reported on their retrospective series of WLE with or without further radiation in 62 patients. Twenty-five patients underwent WLE alone and 37 WLE and radiation. Staurosporine in vitro Thirty-three of these patients underwent a single-plane BT implant. Radiation doses were 45–64 Gy. The 5-year DFS was 65% and LC 51%. Radiation, however, was not associated with improved LC, and they noted significant toxicity: 80% reoperation rate in the combined cohort vs. 17% with surgery alone (p < 0.001). The amputation rate, however, was 35% in the surgery-only group and 11% in the irradiated group (p = 0.05) (59). Catton et al.

(60) reported on 25 patients with recurrent sarcoma, 11 underwent conservative surgery alone, and 10 conservative surgery and irradiation (six cases BT only, one BT and EBRT, three EBRT only). The mean dose was 49.5 Gy (35–65 Gy). The overall LC at 24 months was 91%, but LC was better when radiation therapy was added to the surgery (36% vs. 100%). Wound healing complications Docetaxel manufacturer occurred in 60% of the cases. In spite of the wound healing problems, 70% were ultimately felt to have good functional outcome. Pearlstone et al. (61)

also reported on a series of 26 patients treated for local recurrence with a mean BT dose of 47.2 Gy. Local recurrence–free survival at 5 years was 52% and DFS 33%. The reoperation rate was only 15%, possible because 50% of the patients had up-front tissue transfer grafts. Retroperitoneal sarcomas present a major therapeutic challenge because of the high rate of local recurrence and the proximity of the OAR, which include the small bowel, kidneys, liver, stomach, and spinal cord. Radiation therapy appears to improve LC in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas, and it is most commonly given with preoperative EBRT (62). Intraoperative radiation (IORT), using electron beam or HDR BT, has been evaluated as a means to improve LC [63], [64], [65] and [66]. The delivery of IORT is outside the scope of this article. The success however of IORT led to evaluations of postoperative BT in this population.

In Brazil,

such mixture of free amino acids is rather costly. An alternative to reduce costs is the use of residues from the food industry in the development of protein hydrolysates. However, the PHE contents in the produced hydrolysate must be reduced to acceptable levels, usually by adsorption I-BET-762 nmr (Díez, Leitão, Ferreira, & Rodrigues, 1998; Long et al., 2009; Titus, Kalkar, & Gaikar, 2003). Thus, high costs are still associated with the PHE removal step given the use of synthetic adsorption materials, and such costs could be reduced by the use of residue-based adsorbents (Oliveira & Franca, 2008). Agricultural wastes are the most common raw materials being studied for production of low cost adsorbents, since they are renewable, available in large amounts and potentially DNA Damage inhibitor less expensive than other precursor materials.

Several studies on residue-based adsorbents are available, with applications mostly focusing on wastewater treatment including removal of heavy metals, dyes and others (Oliveira & Franca, 2008). Coffee is the most important agricultural product in Brazil, with yearly production ranging from 2 to 3 million tons (ICO, 2011). Approximately 20% of the coffee production in Brazil consists of defective beans, that decrease beverage quality and are used by the roasting industry in blends with good quality beans (Oliveira, Franca, Mendonça, & Barros-Junior, 2006). Thus, studies are under development to find alternative uses for defective coffee beans. One of the considered alternatives is oil extraction, either for biodiesel production (Oliveira, Franca, Camargos, & Ferraz, 2008) or for nutraceutical

applications (Azevedo et al., 2008). Although technically feasible, the oil extraction generates a solid processing residue, the coffee press cake, for which a profitable use is yet to be envisaged. A few recent studies have shown this type of residue can be employed as raw material in the production of adsorbents for removal of cationic dyes (Franca, Oliveira, Nunes, & Alves, 2010; Nunes, Franca, & Oliveira, 2009). Thus, nearly the objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of employing a residue-based adsorbent, the oil exhausted coffee press cake, for PHE removal from aqueous solutions. Defective coffee beans were acquired from Santo Antonio State Coffee (Santo Antônio do Amparo, MG, Brazil). The Phenylalanine (PHE) standard was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (SP, Brazil). Raw defective coffee beans were screw pressed (Ecirtec, Brazil) for oil removal, impregnated (100 g) with 100 mL H3PO4 solution (85 g/100 g) and stirred for 3 min at 25 °C (Patnukao & Pavasant, 2008). The corresponding impregnation ratio was 168% (acid solution density of 1.68 g mL−1). The mixture was filtered in a paper filter and the acid-treated residue heated for 1 h in a muffle furnace (350 °C).

Nevertheless, it raises the question of whether the dose should be escalated to get better LC with a tolerable complications rate. On the other hand, for nonresponders, patients presenting with extensive disease, dose escalation with image-based optimization BT and use of additional interstitial BT could be the best treatment (33). Considering the advantages of PDR BT, the present data support PDR BT for the treatment of cervical cancer with similar results to LDR BT in LC rates and few late side effects. Our results indicate that this technique

may be used to replace standard LDR BT. The clinical impact of 3D-based planning BT is demonstrated in this study, with statistically significant Dapagliflozin cell line better LC and should become the standard for current gynecologic BT. The American Brachytherapy Society published in 2012 guidelines concerning LDR and PDR BT and recommended adoption of GEC ESTRO recommendations and image-based

treatment planning (34). A dose escalation study in PDR BT with optimized dosimetry based on MRI is currently underway with the Tridicol French cooperative trial and the GEC ESTRO multidimensional European observational study of MRI-guided BT, “EMBRACE,” should also bring further supporting data for this method. The authors thank selleckchem Dorothée Quincy of Institut Bergonié for assistance in preparing the manuscript and Pippa McKelvie-Sebileau of Institut Bergonié for editorial assistance in English. “
“A bioartificial liver (BAL) machine can temporarily replace the functions of the

liver, allowing a damaged liver to regenerate while protecting the patient’s other organs from the life-threatening damage that ensues during liver failure. The technology for growing an immortalised hepatocyte Idoxuridine cell line (HepG2), encapsulation in alginate beads and proliferating and conditioning of the cell spheroids within the beads has been demonstrated at the large scale. However, widespread uptake of the BAL technology can only realistically be achieved with cryopreservation as a component of the manufacturing strategy. On demand manufacture of the BAL is not feasible, neither on the basis of cost nor logistics. A single disposable cassette encompassing all processing steps (perfusion, cryopreservation, cell conditioning), would greatly simplify safety and regulatory requirements, provide robust delivery to end users, and facilitate safe delivery in the clinical environment. However, for clinical delivery of a BAL, cryopreservation of up to 2 l of alginate encapsulated cell spheroids (ELS) are required in a single treatment and these would be ideally contained within a cylindrical cell cassette resulting in a packed product depth of up to 70 mm in a cylindrical chamber of length 30 cm held horizontally.

Glucosinolates belong to a group of thioglycosides, which naturally occur in cruciferous vegetables. The products of the enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis of these compounds are biologically active

compounds with diverse effects on human health (Ciska, Martyniak-Przybyszewska, & Kozlowska, 2000). These substances may also act as antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which is responsible for triggering chronic degenerative diseases (Verkerk et al., 2009). Several authors suggest that the ingestion of GL-containing vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer due to an increase in detoxifying enzyme activity and by direct inhibition of transcription factors involved Apitolisib in vitro in cancer cell signaling pathways (Hu et al., 2006, Tang and Zhang, 2005 and Verkerk et al., 2009). Chemically, these compounds are identified as thioglycosides, and they exist in vegetable cell vacuoles with the thioglucosidase enzyme (EC 3.2.3.1), also known as myrosinase. However, this selleck screening library enzyme is compartmentalized in specific myrosin cells and is physically separated from its GL substrates (Andréasson, Jorgensen, Hoglund, Rask, & Meijer, 2001). Any physical or chemical damage to the cellular apparatus such as breaking of the cell membranes, processing, chewing, digestion,

and bacterial or fungal infection allows myrosinase to encounter its GL substrates and leads to the production of bioactive compounds. Thus, processing and food preparation can modify the glucosinolate-myrosinase system due to partial or total inactivation of myrosinase (Rungapamestry, Duncan, Fuller, & Ratcliffe, 2006). Other factors such as the cultivation procedure (organic or conventional) may influence the plant glucosinolate content. The objective of this work was to quantify total glucosinolate concentrations through the utilization NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase of an enzymatic assay and to determine the benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) content in the plant via higher performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC). Quantification of these compounds was conducted on vegetable models that were cultivated either organically or with conventional procedures. All vegetables used in the study belong to the Brassicaceae family, and all were picked at their ideal harvest period. Plants were cultivated in São Paulo State (Brazil – latitude 22°53′09″ South, longitude 48°26′42″ West and 804 m altitude) in organic cultivation areas; manure contained organic compounds were used, and integrated pest management was conducted. The organic cultivation area was separated from the conventionally cultivated plants. Conventional cultivation utilized chemical fertilizers, and chemicals were used for the control of pests and phytopathological diseases. Weeding was carried out in the same manner for both organically and conventionally cultivated plants.

1% tween-20. Conjugation

pads were then dried for 30 min at 37 °C and fixed, with an ~ 2 mm overlap with the nitrocellulose, on the backing card. Finally, Fusion5 membrane was employed as the sample pad with an ~ 2 mm overlap with the conjugation pad. The entire assembly was housed in a plastic cassette (Fig. 1). Daporinad clinical trial Whole, 2% and 1% milk were obtained from a local grocery store. Apple juice and orange juice were obtained from a refrigerated vending machine. Spiked milk samples were assessed by two methods: (1) following a 10-fold dilution with double deionized water and (2) following centrifugation at 12,000 ×g at 4 °C for 20 min to remove fatty content. Following spike with toxin, orange and apple juice were both 3-Methyladenine ic50 neutralized using 1 M NaOH. Orange juice samples were tested by two methods: (1) following a 2-fold dilution with phosphate buffer; and (2) following centrifugation to remove pulp. Apple juice samples were tested:

(1) directly after spiking and; (2) following a 2-fold dilution with phosphate buffer. Here, we investigated the application of mAb capture/detector pairs for BoNT/A and BoNT/B, developed previously in our laboratory, in a LFD. For the BoNT/A LFD, F1-2 and a control goat-anti mouse IgG were separately immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane at 1 mg/mL using a BioJet Quanti Dispenser. The F1-51 mAb was conjugated to 40 nm gold particles and applied by immersion onto a conjugate release pad. A serial dilution of purified toxin, ranging from 100 ioxilan to 0.2 ng/mL, was prepared in a phosphate buffer, and the assay was initiated by the application of diluted toxin (50 μL) to the sample pad (Fig. 2). A visible red line was resolved in ~ 10–15 min. As shown in Fig. 2A, detection of purified BoNT/A was easily visualized at concentrations of 100 to 5 ng/mL, and weakly visible at 1 and 0.2 ng/mL. No reactivity was observed when purified BoNT/B was applied at 100 ng/mL (data not shown) or with buffer alone. These results demonstrate the suitability of mAbs F1-2 and F1-51 for use in a sensitive and selective LFD to detect BoNT/A. A BoNT/B LFD was also developed using mAbs

developed in our laboratory. Anti-BoNT/B monoclonal antibody MCS-6-27 and control goat anti-mouse IgG were separately immobilized at 1 mg/mL on nitrocellulose, and mAb BoB-92-32 was employed as the detector antibody. A serial dilution, again ranging from 100 to 0.2 ng/mL of purified BoNT/B was evaluated. With a limit of detection of 5 ng/mL, the BoNT/B LFD was not as sensitive as the BoNT/A device (Fig. 2B). Increasing the concentration of the immobilized capture antibody did not improve the sensitivity of the assay (data not shown), however the BoNT/B LFD demonstrated high specificity, showing no reactivity with BoNT/A toxin (data not shown). As individual assays, the monoclonal antibody pairs for BoNT/A and /B demonstrated high specificity for their respective serotypes.

While some attempts in this direction have been made [44], these and other diverse solid tumors will require further development. One of the biggest challenges in experimental cancer research is to

demonstrate that the model in question recapitulates the human disease. While zebrafish tumors generally resemble their intended human cancers on a histological level [1•, 7, 8 and 24], there remain differences in tumor spectrum, incidence and onset [3•, 5 and 24] that are still not well understood. An emerging mode of comparison is through new genomic technologies, which, with careful exploitation, may also point to genetic events that are important for malignant human tumor evolution. Several studies have begun to compare genomic aberrations in zebrafish cancer to those in human. Rudner et al. [ 45] employed high-density array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) Thiazovivin in vivo Venetoclax supplier to zebrafish and human T-ALL and found a small number of repeatedly altered genes in zebrafish that also recur in human. Greater overlap was shown in samples from advanced stages of the disease, indicating a heightened conservation for genes under selective pressure. In another study, Zhang et al. [ 46] sequenced a large cohort of zebrafish malignant peripheral nerve

sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and distinguished amplified genes that were shared with the human disease. While the identification of these commonly mutated genes is a promising first step, their experimental validation will be critical toward demonstrating their biological significance. Our group recently investigated the full spectrum of coding mutations in a zebrafish cancer through exome sequencing of melanomas derived from BRAF and NRAS-driven transgenic lines [ 76]. In probing for secondary genetic events important for melanoma development, we found that the mutation burden in zebrafish melanomas was sparse compared to human cancer, and equally heterogeneous BCKDHA to the point that cross-species comparisons were

difficult. Despite the mutation load, we were able to quantify the multi-hit model of these engineered cancers and highlight a potential new cooperating event with BRAF and p53 mutation through the protein kinase A-cyclic AMP pathway. The work provides the first insights into the mutagenic processes of an engineered zebrafish cancer and will be instructive in guiding future studies of this type in zebrafish. In particular, it is clear from our experience that there are technical challenges in adapting sequencing tools to zebrafish that require substantial optimization and development. The tremendous diversity both within and between zebrafish strains [47 and 48], nearly a magnitude greater than that of human, combined with the duplicated genome and other species-specific differences can complicate alignment and overwhelm somatic mutation algorithms with false calls.

2012). In our study the three identified TRFs (TRF_149nt,

TRF_249nt and TRF_270nt) contributed significantly (35%) to the discrimination of station E54 from the other stations. Both TRF_149nt and TRF_270nt were affiliated with Verrucomicrobia, of which iTRF_149nt belonged to Spartobacteriaceae and iTRF_270nt to a 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Verrucomicrobia (AM040118). The latter 16S rRNA sequence was found in the sediment off Sylt ( Musat et al. 2006). Recently, Verrucomicrobia were observed in the Baltic Sea ( Andersson et al. 2010) and Spartobacteriaceae were found to be quantitatively important in the Baltic Sea at salinities Small molecule library supplier between 5 and 10 ( Herlemann et al. 2011). Verrucomicrobia, which can make a considerable contribution to polysaccharide Sirolimus chemical structure degradation, can also be expected to be associated with phytoplankton ( Martinez-Garcia et al. 2012). Spartobacteria in particular have been directly associated with phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea ( Herlemann et al. 2013). TRF_249nt was identified as

a candidate for Roseobacter. A clone sequence with this TRF was affiliated with the Roseobacter DC5-80-3 branch in the RCA cluster and CARD-FISH showed an abundance of less than 1%. The RCA cluster is widespread in temperate and polar oceans, but constituted less than 0.5% of all bacteria in the Baltic Sea ( Selje et al. 2004). In surface waters, no representative was found at the Landsort Deep station ( Riemann et al. 2008) or in the Baltic Proper ( Herlemann et al. 2011). As its absence was observed in spring (

Riemann et al. 2008) and summer ( Herlemann et al. 2011) and its presence in late summer (our data) and in autumn ( Selje et al. 2004), such differences may be explained by the seasonal dynamics of taxa within the Baltic Sea bacterioplankton communities ( Andersson et al. 2010). Roseobacter was often shown to co-occur with phytoplankton ( Buchan et al. 2005), especially with natural phytoplankton blooms ( O’Sullivan et al. 2004) or in mesocosm studies of Thalassiosira ( Allgaier et al. 2003). It was also shown to be an early surface coloniser in temperate marine waters ( Dang et al. 2008); the DC5-80-3 clade has been linked with the degradation of aromatic compounds ( Buchan et al. 2005). Crump et al. (2004) showed that a shift from a mixture of allochthonous 5-Fluoracil molecular weight communities to a native estuarine community requires bacterial doubling times much shorter than the local water residence time. The doubling time (DT) calculated on the basis of leucine bacterial production and bacterial biomass (all DAPI stained cells) was about 1.7–2.2 days in the Gulf of Gdańsk; a shorter doubling time would probably be based on active cells only. The DT was at least seven times shorter than the residence time in the Gulf of Gdańsk, calculated by Witek et al. (2003). Bacteria in the water at station E54 had enough time to establish a stable community connected with the occurrence of Coscinodiscus sp.

This prospective study of HDR salvage

monotherapy demonstrates that it is an effective and well-tolerated treatment paradigm for patients who develop locally recurrent prostate cancer EBRT. HDR brachytherapy should be considered in the local management of recurrent prostate cancer, even in patients who have been previously heavily treated with ultra-high-dose EBRT. “
“One of the critical elements that have led to improved outcomes for intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients is the use of dose escalation [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7]. A meta-analysis of the seven randomized dose-escalated trials has demonstrated a biochemical control benefit for intermediate-risk patients with increasing biologically effective doses (BEDs) (5). Viani et al. found that a near linear benefit was evident with escalation selleck compound of the radiation dose, and there was no sign that the dose effect had reached a plateau with further escalation of the radiation dose; these studies included BED of up to 175 Gy. In addition, Levegrun et al. (8) have used posttreatment biopsies to represent local control and suggested a TCP50 of 70.5 Gy (BED of 155 Gy) and near linear tumor control improvements with doses approaching 85 Gy (BED

of 187 Gy). Current therapy for intermediate-risk patients with dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) plus androgen deprivation therapy

[9] and [10] result in 10-year actuarial biochemical PD-1 inhibiton failure rates of 20–25% and local failure rates of 15–25% [11] and [12]. As seen in Table 1, most brachytherapy implant alone series result in 10-year actuarial biochemical failure rates of greater than 20% for intermediate-risk patients. Clearly, intermediate-risk prostate cancer is not uniformly eradicated Cytidine deaminase with BEDs of brachytherapy implant or dose-escalated EBRT alone (BED of 150–190 Gy) and warrants more aggressive therapy. Supplemental EBRT is one of the most reliable and consistent ways for safely escalating radiation dose levels in conjunction with brachytherapy to facilitate the delivery of higher BED levels within the prostate and the extraprostatic tissue. Using BED models published by Stock et al. (13) (using α/β of 2.0), 125I monotherapy implant prescription of 144 Gy has a BED of approximately 160 Gy based on the D90 coverage; however, combination therapy with 110 Gy of 125I implant and 50.4 Gy of supplementary EBRT yields a BED of approximately 230 Gy. This marked difference in BED has been shown to correlate with improved biochemical and local control. Stone et al.

Slice selective images demonstrating SQUARE MRI contrast (Fig. 3A–D) and the resulting T1 map (Fig. 3E) were acquired using a single animal. Images were processed and reconstructed in Prospa (v. 3.06, Magritek, Wellington, New Zealand)

by applying a sine-bell squared window function to the raw data before two-dimensional Fourier transformation. The two dimensional image data were exported for further analysis using IGOR Pro (v. 6.01; Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR, USA). To construct the T1 map shown in Fig. 3E the image data were combined into a three dimensional matrix having two spatial dimensions (the slice selective images) and HDAC inhibitor one time dimension (the delay before acquisition). Linear regression analysis of the natural logarithm of the signal intensity as a function of delay time was used to obtain spatially resolved T1 values in Fig. 3E. Representative data from four selected volume elements in Fig. 3E are shown in Fig. 4. T1 values calculated outside the lung region were composed solely of background noise and were not displayed in Fig. 3E. The final T1 map was overlaid onto the lung image at delay time td = 0 s for clarity of presentation. Male Sprague–Dawley

rats (350–400 g, Charles River UK Ltd, Margate, UK) were euthanized by overdose of pentobarbital (Sigma-Aldrich Ltd, Gillingham, UK) in accordance with local animal welfare guidelines and the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Immediately after confirmation of death, a catheter was inserted into the caudal vena cava to allow flushing of the pulmonary circulation with BTK inhibitor 20–30 cm3 heparin 100 IU/cm3

(Wockhardt UK Ltd, Wrexham, UK) in 0.9% saline solution (Baxter Healthcare Ltd, Thetford, UK) followed with phosphate buffer solution (PBS, Sigma-Aldrich Ltd, Gillingham, UK) in order to remove residual blood from the pulmonary circulation. The heart and lungs were removed en masse. A polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) adapter tube was inserted 5–10 mm above the carina and sutured into place. The heart and lungs were suspended in 5% glucose solution (weight/volume) with the trachea Methane monooxygenase pointing downwards in a custom-built acrylic ventilation chamber, as detailed in Fig. 1. The ex vivo lungs were repeatedly inflated with 8–10 cm3 of room air to check for leakage either from the suture around the trachea or the lungs themselves. For the presented work the lung harvesting procedure was completed with 100% success of removing the lungs intact. Normally with a skilled operator the ex vivo technique results in over 90% of lungs being suitable for imaging. The lungs were chilled to 278 K for transportation to the imaging facility. The pure gas phase relaxation time of 83Kr is sufficiently long with T1 times of several minutes at ambient pressure [16] to permit hp gas extraction and transfer.

These simulation

results were used as the baseline scenario. The ability of the SWAT model to simulate streamflow was evaluated using four complementary measures of model performance: (1) percent bias, (2) R2, (3) Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NS), and (4) root mean square error (RMSE). The equations describing these measures are provided in Appendix A. The baseline scenario was assumed to reflect current conditions. To evaluate the magnitude of responses from the hydrological systems of the Brahmaputra basin to various components of climate change, we designed six scenarios by altering one variable at a time. These scenarios are presented in Table 2. Each scenario was run for the same simulation period (1988–2004), except with this website modified climatic inputs, which provided a consistent basis for the scenario impacts as compared to baseline Talazoparib conditions. Although a 30-year period is preferred to present baseline conditions (Arnell, 1996 and Jha et al., 2006), we used a 15-year period (1988–2004) including three major flooding years (1988, 1998 and 2004) and two major drought years (1989 and 1994) for

the baseline because of the limitations in the station observed precipitation data. The sensitivity simulations were designed based on the approach described in Jha et al. (2006) and Wu et al. (2012b). The first two simulations in Table 2 focused on multiplying the baseline daily atmospheric CO2 concentration by factors of 1.5 and 2.0, which are within the range of atmospheric CO2 projections described in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the region, but less than the projections Mirabegron described in the Fifth Assessment Report (Kirtman et al., 2013 and Solomon, 2007). The next two simulations reflected a daily increase in minimum and maximum air temperature by 2 °C and 4 °C incorporated in the baseline scenario. The CMIP5 multi-model mean projection of the annual average temperature change over south Asia was over 3 °C (Hijioka et al., 2014). The last two scenarios represented 10% and 20% increases

in the daily precipitation over the baseline scenario. The CMIP5 multi-model mean projected a precipitation increase up to 12% over south Asia by the end of the 21st century which was similar to the projections by the CMIP3 models (Kirtman et al., 2013 and Shashikanth et al., 2013). Next, we designed future climate and land use change impact assessment simulations with estimated CO2 concentration, temperature increase, and land use change scenarios for each 10-year period of the 21st century. The scenarios were executed with third-generation Canadian GCM version 3.1 (CGCM3.1) Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM)-downscaled precipitation (Pervez and Henebry, 2014), projected temperature and CO2 concentration, and downscaled IMAGE-projected land use information for the A1B and A2 scenarios.