The primary and secondary structure analyses were performed OSI744 using the protparam tool on ExPASy server (Bairoch et al., 2005) and psipred (Jones,

1999), respectively. The tertiary structure of CspD from Ant5-2 was generated by the modeller software from hhpred alignments on HHpred servers (Soding et al., 2005; Eswar et al., 2006). The significance of the protein structure similarity was measured by TM-score calculated by T-align, a more sensitive method than root-mean-square-deviation (Zhang & Skolnick, 2005). The protein–protein docking was performed using the hex 5.1 software according to its manual (Ritchie & Venkatraman, 2010). During the initial 4 h, Ant5-2 cultures exhibited faster growth rates at 22 and 37 °C than at 15 °C (Fig. 1). Within 20 h of incubation at 15, 22 and 37 °C, the cultures grew exponentially and reached stationary phase. However, the culture at 37 °C exhibited a decline in growth after 48 h of incubation. In contrast, the cultures maintained at −1 and 4 °C did not show

any significant cell proliferation for 24 and 4 h, respectively. Thereafter, the culture at 4 °C exhibited exponential growth and reached stationary phase within 72 h. A slow but steady exponential growth of the culture at −1 °C was noticed after incubation for 24 h. After one freeze–thaw cycle, increased survival was observed when Ant5-2 was exposed to 4 °C before freezing. The cultures transferred to 4 °C showed 94.1% survival compared with the 48.9% survival of cultures incubated see more at 22 °C (Supporting however Information, Fig. S1). The autoradiogram exhibited expression of a ∼7.28-kDa Csp

(CspD) at all temperatures (Fig. S2). The immunoblot results showed that the expression of CspD in Ant5-2 was both time- and growth phase-dependent (Fig. 2a). Its expression increased at 37 °C and UVC exposure (Fig. 2b and c). A 204-bp DNA fragment encompassing the entire ORF of the cspD gene (accession no. HQ873479) was PCR amplified. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited 100% identity with the cold shock transcription regulator of J. lividum DSM 1522 and >98% sequence identity with the RNA chaperone, transcription antiterminator of Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans and with Csps from different bacteria belonging to class Betaproteobacteria (Figs 3 and Fig. S3). The CspD from Ant5-2 showed highest identity and similarity to E. coli CspE (67/83%) and E. coli CspD (56/74%) when compared with Csps from E. coli, B. subtilis and Pseudomonas sp. 30/3 (Fig. 3). PCR amplification of the cspA family of genes in Ant5-2 genomic DNA using CSPU5 and CSPU3 universal primers (Francis and Stewart, 1997) resulted in negative outcome (Fig. S4).

The results also confirm that protein transfer across the blood–CSF barrier is developmentally and physiologically regulated. “
“Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Despite promising results

of recent clinical trials, neural and chemical mechanisms responsible for the effects of stimulation are still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and laboratory findings on DBS for depression. Particular emphasis will be given to aspects involved in the translation of data from animal models to humans and in our findings on the potential substrates involved in the antidepressant effects of DBS in rats. “
“Although promise exists for patterns of resting-state blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) find more functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain connectivity to be used as biomarkers of early brain pathology, a full understanding of the nature Selleckchem AZD6244 of the relationship between neural activity and spontaneous fMRI BOLD fluctuations is required before such data can be correctly interpreted. To investigate this issue, we combined electrophysiological recordings of rapid changes in multi-laminar local field potentials from the somatosensory cortex of anaesthetized rats with concurrent two-dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy measurements of resting-state haemodynamics

that underlie fluctuations in the BOLD fMRI signal. After neural ‘events’ were identified, their time points served to indicate the start of an epoch in the accompanying haemodynamic fluctuations. Multiple epochs for both neural ‘events’ and the accompanying haemodynamic fluctuations were averaged. We found that the averaged epochs of resting-state haemodynamic fluctuations taken after neural ‘events’ closely D-malate dehydrogenase resembled the temporal profile of stimulus-evoked cortical haemodynamics. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that averaged epochs of resting-state haemodynamic fluctuations resembling the temporal profile

of stimulus-evoked haemodynamics could also be found after peaks in neural activity filtered into specific electroencephalographic frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta, and gamma). This technique allows investigation of resting-state neurovascular coupling using methodologies that are directly comparable to that developed for investigating stimulus-evoked neurovascular responses. “
“Ample evidence suggests that, when reactivated by a reminder, a consolidated memory may return to a labile state and needs to be stabilized again in order to persist, a process known as reconsolidation. In a previous study, performed in the crab Chasmagnathus, we found a dual role for the biogenic amine octopamine (OA) during memory consolidation. On the one hand, it was necessary for appetitive memory formation and, on the other, it had a deleterious effect on aversive memory consolidation.

Cells were then washed three times with PBS buffer before being resuspended in 0.5 mL PBS containing 4% formaldehyde. The presence of phytase on the P. pastoris cell surface was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Yeast cell wall was isolated according to Schreuder et al. (1993) with modifications. After induction, cells were harvested by centrifugation,

washed three times in ice-cold isolation buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)], and resuspended in 10 mL of isolation buffer. Aliquots of 1 mL cells were lysed by glass beads (0.05 mm diameter) and the supernatant was then collected. Cell wall fractions were harvested from the supernatant by centrifugation selleck inhibitor at 1000 g, 4 °C for 5 min, and then washed three times with 1 mM PMSF. Laminarinase 10 mU (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to 100 mg (wet weight) of cell wall fraction resuspended in 200 μL reaction buffer (100 mM sodium acetate, pH 5, 1 mM PMSF). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 h at 37 °C, after which another 10 mU of fresh laminarinase was added to the reaction. The reaction was then continued learn more for another

2 h, for a total of 4 h. After the reaction was complete, the supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 5 min before being used to test enzyme activity or analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phytase activity was quantified according to the method described in Engelen et al. (1994). One phytase activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1 μmol inorganic phosphate min−1. To determine the effect of pH on cell-surface phytase, a pH range from 2 to 10 was used with the following (100 mM) buffers: glycine-HCl (pH 2.0–4.0), acetic acid (pH 5.0–6.0), 3-(N-morpholine)propanesulfonic acid (pH 7.0–8.0) and Tris-HCl (pH 9.0–10.0). The optimal temperature was determined in the range of 30–70 °C in 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5. For

the pH stability test, the enzyme was preincubated at 25 °C for 4 h in buffers with pH values of 2.0–10.0 as described above. Enzyme activity was then measured at 50 °C in 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5. Temperature stability profiles VAV2 were determined by incubating the enzyme at temperatures of 40–80 °C for 30–120 min. The relative activity was calculated by comparing the activity remaining after each treatment with that of the untreated enzyme, which was assigned as 100%. Resistance to pepsin and trypsin was investigated following Promdonkoy et al. (2009). The in vitro digestibility test was performed according to Promdonkoy et al. (2009). For proximate analysis, cells were added to feedstuff to obtain 4 U phytase activity g–1 feedstuff (approximately 6% w/w). Then, the contents of the sample were compared with sample feedstuff without the addition of yeast cells. The analysis was completed by the Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co. Ltd. Phytase r-PhyA170 (Promdonkoy et al.

It is therefore difficult to know when to measure a peak plasma level, and it is probably best to check levels at more than one time-point post dose if possible. If rifabutin levels are being measured, ensure that the level of 25-0-desacetyl rifabutin, the active metabolite, is also measured. Decisions about dosing may be

difficult as there can be long delays in results being returned to the physician. TDM may be relevant for PIs and NNRTIs, especially when regimens are complex, when no formal pharmacokinetic data are buy BMS-354825 available, and when virological failure occurs. The optimal time to start HAART in TB/HIV coinfected

patients is becoming clearer. Data from prospective trials in developing countries are helping to answer this question [136]. Given the importance of this area, we have sought to provide some pragmatic guidance. Physicians have to balance the risk of HIV disease progression against the hazards of starting HAART, which include toxicities, side effects, IRIS and drug interactions. Antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis drugs share similar routes of metabolism and elimination, and extensive drug interactions may result in subtherapeutic plasma levels of either or both (see ‘Drug–drug interactions’). Overlapping Afatinib clinical trial toxicity profiles may result in the interruption of TB or HIV regimens with subsequent microbiological or virological failure (see ‘Overlapping toxicity profiles of antiretrovirals and TB therapy’). Deaths in the first month of TB treatment may be due to TB, while late deaths in coinfected persons are attributable to HIV disease progression [137–139]. Patients with HIV infection and a CD4 cell count >350 cells/μL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during the subsequent

6 months of TB treatment, depending on age and viral load [2]. They should have their CD4 cell count monitored regularly and antiretroviral therapy can be withheld during the short-course TB treatment. Most patients Glutamate dehydrogenase with TB in the United Kingdom present with a low CD4 count, often <100 cells/μL. In such patients HAART improves survival, but can be complicated by IRIS and drug toxicity. Data show that at CD4 counts <100 cells/μL the short-term risk of developing further AIDS-defining events and death is high, and HAART should be started as soon as practicable [118,140–143]. Some physicians prefer to wait for up to 2 weeks before starting HAART after commencing patients on TB treatment, to allow diagnosis and management of any early toxicity and adherence problems.

3). This presents a new problem. What if we survey hydrogenosomal presequences in a wider range? We focused on the previously determined 15 hydrogenosomal presequences, and then used selleck a similar homologue search strategy against the alphaproteobacterial group. Nine of the 15 hydrogenosomal protein sequences were well mapped in alphaproteobacterial

genomes with their presequences fully or partially aligned to the N-terminal extensions of their counterparts (Figs S1 and 2). Interestingly, residues R-2/R-3 of the presequences could also be found in their probable prototypes. Moreover, further alignment was performed between known hydrogenosomal proteins and the entire set of microbial genomic sequences deposited in the NCBI database. An N-terminal region that was highly similar to TVAG_174040 presequences was found in hundreds of proteobacterial species (most of them belong to the alphaproteobacterial group), and the TVAG_445730 presequence was also mapped full length to several species, including cyanobacterial species mTOR inhibitor Synechococcus sp. (NC_007776, 36% sequence similarity) and deltaproteobacterial species Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (NC_005363, 50% sequence similarity), with the best hit to Clostridia species Eubacterium siraeum (NC_014836, 73% sequence similarity). Due

to less transcriptional complexity in protists, we believe that exon-related mechanisms exerted little influence in acquisition of their presequences. In the present study, four Tacrolimus (FK506) predicted hydrogenosomal presequences in T. vaginalis were well mapped to the N terminus or the N-terminal extension of their homologues encoded by Rickettsia species; but homologues of two (namely presequences of TVAG_174040 and TVAG_445730) were also commonly found in many

other microbial species. Extensive investigation even found possible prototypes for another nine determined presequences. These facts indicate that an endogenous origin is an important pathway for acquisition of hydrogenosomal presequences. In other words, it is reasonable to assume that some hydrogenosomal presequences are vertically descended from the genome of a protomitochondrion. Hydrogenosomal proteins have been revealed under the selective pressure of coevolution with processing peptidase (Smid et al., 2008). As presequences are likely to be required in both import and proteolytic cleavage of a mitochondrial precursor (Horwich et al., 1985), this selective pressure may have shaped the prototypes so as to provide correct targeting and also promote efficient import by fixing beneficial mutations, as occurs in mitochondria. However, some questions need to be answered in future studies.

These nucleic acids were used as templates for ‘long and accurate’ PCR (LA-PCR) amplification of a 1.3-kb genome fragment expected to harbor the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. Reactions were performed in 25-μL mixtures containing

50–100 ng total nucleic acid, 0.5 μM each of primers SN910601 and SN910502 (Supporting Information, Table S1; Namba et al., 5-FU cell line 1993), 2.5 mM MgCl2, LA-PCR Buffer (Takara Bio), 0.8 U Takara LA Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Bio), and 400 μM each dNTP. An initial 2-min denaturation at 94 °C was followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 94 °C, annealing for 30 s at 60 °C, and extension for 90 s at 68 °C. In the final cycle, the 68 °C-extension step was extended to 7 min. To clone the imp- and idpA-containing fragments of the PoiBI genome, DNA from the PoiBI-infected poinsettia cultivar ‘Primelo Jingle Bells’ was extracted and used as template APO866 for LA-PCR with three sets of primers (Fig. 1; Table S1). On the basis of the complete genomic sequence of OY-M (Oshima et al., 2004), we designed the primer pair PoiBI_imp-C01F/PssA-1 to amplify a 6.0-kb DNA fragment containing the imp gene. On the basis of a previously characterized WX DNA fragment (Liefting & Kirkpatrick, 2003), primer pair PoiBI_idpA-C1F/PoiBI_idpA-C2R was designed to amplify a 2.5-kb DNA fragment containing the idpA gene. Primer pair PoiBI_center-C1F/PoiBI_center-C2R was designed to amplify

a 2.7-kb DNA fragment overlapping the sequence between the imp- and idpA-containing fragments. LA-PCRs were performed, as described above for amplification of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, except that the annealing temperature

was 53 °C and the extension time was 1 min kb−1. These amplified fragments were purified using ExoSAP-IT (Amersham Bioscience) and sequenced directly (primers shown in Table S1) using the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method on an Loperamide automatic DNA sequencer (ABI PRISM 3130 Genetic Analyzer; Applied Biosystems), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Thirty poinsettia cultivars were used as templates for amplification of the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. To investigate the sequence variability of PoiBI, we amplified and sequenced the imp- and idpA-containing genomic regions using the primer pairs PoiBI_imp-C02F/imp-R and idpAful-F/idpAful-R, respectively. These regions are shown in Fig. 1 as white boxes. The imp fragments were sequenced using primers PoiBI_imp-C02F, PoiBI_imp-C04F, imp-F, and imp-R. The idpA fragments were sequenced using primers idpAful-F, idpA532-F, idpA534-R, and idpAful-R. Primer sequences are shown in Table S1. The deduced amino acid sequences of Imp and IdpA from PoiBI and WX (Liefting & Kirkpatrick, 2003) were aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994). The sequences were analyzed for the presence of putative transmembrane domains using the sosui program (ver. 1.11; http://bp.nuap.nagoya-u.ac.jp/sosui/sosui_submit.

“
“Hippocampal plasticity (e.g. neurogenesis) likely plays an important role in maintaining addictive behavior and/or relapse. This study assessed whether rats with differential propensity to drug-seeking behavior, bred Low-Responders

(bLR) and bred High-Responders (bHR) to novelty, show differential neurogenesis regulation after cocaine exposure. Using specific immunological markers, we labeled distinct populations of adult stem cells in the dentate gyrus at different time-points of the cocaine sensitization process; Ki-67 for newly born cells, NeuroD for cells Akt inhibitor born partway, and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine for older cells born prior to sensitization. Results show that: (i) bHRs exhibited greater psychomotor response to cocaine than bLRs; (ii) acute cocaine did not Akt activity alter cell proliferation in bLR/bHR rats; (iii) chronic cocaine decreased cell proliferation in bLRs only, which became amplified through the course of abstinence; (iv) neither chronic cocaine nor cocaine abstinence affected the survival of immature neurons in

either phenotype; (v) cocaine abstinence decreased survival of mature neurons in bHRs only, an effect that paralleled the greater psychomotor response to cocaine; and (vi) cocaine treatment did not affect the ratio of neurons to glia in bLR/bHR rats as most cells differentiated into neurons in both lines. Thus, cocaine exerts distinct Adenosine triphosphate effects on neurogenesis in bLR vs. bHR rats, with a decrease in the birth of new progenitor cells in bLRs and a suppression of the survival of new neurons in bHRs, which likely leads to an earlier decrease in formation of new connections. This latter effect in bHRs could contribute to their enhanced degree of cocaine-induced psychomotor

behavioral sensitization. “
“The genes in the imprinted cluster on human chromosome 15q11–q13 are known to contribute to psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and autism. Major disruptions of this interval leading to a lack of paternal allele expression give rise to Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder with core symptoms of a failure to thrive in infancy and, on emergence from infancy, learning disabilities and over-eating. Individuals with PWS also display a number of behavioural problems and an increased incidence of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, which recent work indicates involve aspects of frontal dysfunction. To begin to examine the contribution of genes in this interval to relevant psychological and behavioural phenotypes, we exploited the imprinting centre (IC) deletion mouse model for PWS (PWS-IC+/−) and the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), which is primarily an assay of visuospatial attention and response control that is highly sensitive to frontal manipulations. Locomotor activity, open-field behaviour and sensorimotor gating were also assessed.

With regard to singing, both parents were asked to report (i) how often they sang to their click here children, and more specifically (ii) how often this involved singing familiar songs (e.g. well-known children’s songs) or (iii) songs they had invented themselves. With regard to the musical behaviours of the children at home, the parents rated (i) how often their children sang familiar melodies, (ii) sang self-invented melodies, (iii) drummed rhythms, or (iv) danced at home. For all the aforementioned questions, the answers were given using a five-point scale (1, almost never; 2, once a month at most; 3, several

times a month; 4, approximately once a week; 5, almost daily). The scores for the questions related to singing were added together to form a composite singing score separately for both parents. Similarly, the scores for the questions regarding the musical behaviour of the children were summed to form a composite musical behaviour score for each child. Finally, these composite scores were normalized STA-9090 chemical structure by subtracting the mean of the variable from each score and dividing

this difference by the SD of the variable (hence, scores below the mean are negative). The normalized musical behaviour scores and father’s singing scores were added together to form an overall composite score for musical activities at home. In line with previously reported differences in the prevalence of maternal and paternal singing (Trehub et al., 1997), the overwhelming majority of the mothers responded with the highest possible value to all the questions related to child-directed singing. In contrast, there was considerable variation in the amount of singing reported by the fathers. Therefore, for the questions regarding child-directed singing, only the fathers’ scores were included in the analysis. The electroencephalogram (band pass during recording 0.10–70 Hz, 24 dB per octave roll off, 500 Hz sampling rate) was recorded (NeuroScan 4.3) from the channels F3, F4, C3, C4, Pz, and the left and right mastoids using Ag/AgCl electrodes with a common reference

electrode placed at Fpz. The electro-oculogram was Branched chain aminotransferase recorded with electrodes placed above and at the outer canthus of the right eye. At the beginning of the measurement, the impedance of the electrodes was lower than 10 kΩ. The data were filtered offline between 0.5 and 20 Hz electroencephalographic epochs from 100 ms before to 800 ms after tone onset and were baseline corrected against the 100 ms prestimulus interval. Epochs with a voltage exceeding ± 100 μV at any channel were discarded. After averaging the remaining epochs separately for each stimulus and subject, the resulting ERPs were re-referenced to the average of the two mastoids. Grand-average responses were formed by averaging the individual ERPs separately for each deviant type, novel sounds and the standards.

X.T.-M. was the recipient Dasatinib molecular weight of a doctoral scholarship (2001 FI 00702) from the Government of Catalonia. Fig. S1. HMQC 2D NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S2. 2D NMR-COSY spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S3. HMBC 2D NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) used to determine long-range carbon to hydrogen connectivity of an aqueous

cell extract of Prosthecochloris aestuarii UdG7004Chp grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 3% NaCl. Fig. S4. Electrospray mass spectrum (a) recorded on ion positive mode from a collected fraction of a desalted aqueous cell extract of Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms grown in a salty Pfennig mineral medium (5% NaCl). Fig. S5. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of an aqueous cell extract of Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms grown in a modified Pfennig mineral medium containing 5% NaCl before the preparation of the compound NeABL. Fig. S6. Chromatographic preparation of NeABL from cell extracts of Chlorobaculum

parvum UdG6501Lms shown in Fig. S6. Fig. S7. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded click here in D2O as a solvent) of a purified aqueous extract of NeABL. Fig. S8.1H-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as a solvent) of a purified aqueous extract

of NeABL (recorded in D2O as a solvent). Fig. S9. Natural abundance 13C-NMR spectrum (recorded in D2O as Methane monooxygenase a solvent) of Oxoid yeast extract. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“Thurincin H is an antilisterial bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SF361. It exhibits inhibitory activity against a wide range of Gram-positive foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria including Listeria monocytogenes, B. cereus, and B. subtilis. This hydrophobic, anionic bacteriocin folds into a hairpin structure maintained by four pairs of unique sulfur to α-carbon thioether bonds. As its hydrophobicity and structure are quite different from most archived bacteriocins, this study aimed to elucidate its mode of action and compare it with the mechanisms of other well-characterized bacteriocins. The results indicated that, although bactericidal to B. cereus F4552, thurincin H did not lead to optical density reduction or detectable changes in cell membrane permeability. B.

This may be an important consideration in the design of new drug therapy regimens that aim to minimize the detrimental effects of long-term HAART in HIV-1-infected patients. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all of the patients who participated in the TORO 1 and TORO 2 studies, as well as to the numerous Roche and Trimeris study personnel who have worked

on these trials. We would also like to acknowledge the other members of the TORO 1 and TORO 2 study teams: Belinda Atkins, Silvia MDV3100 mouse Bader-Weder, MD, Laurence Bourdeau, PhD, Neil E. Buss, PhD, Bonaventura Clotet, MD, PhD, Calvin Cohen, MD, MSc, Jean-François Delfraissy, MD, Ralph DeMasi, PhD, Lucille Donatacci, MS, Claude Drobnes, MD, Joseph J. Eron, Jr, MD, Fiona Hughes, BSc, Christine Katlama, MD, Tosca Kinchelow, MD, Daniel Kuritzkes, MD, Emily Labriola-Tomkins, BA, Jacob Lalezari, MD, Joep Lange, MD, PhD, Adriano Lazzarin, MD, Julio Montaner, MD, Christopher Natale, MSc, Peter Piliero, MD, Miklos P. Salgo, MD, PhD, Anna Shikhman, BSN, MBA, Lynn Smiley, MD, Hans-Jürgen Stellbrink, MD, Benoit Trottier, MD, Adeline Valentine, MSc, Sharon Walmsley, MD, Cynthia Wat, MBBS and Martin Wilkinson, MSC. These studies were supported by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and Trimeris,

Inc., Morrisville, selleck chemical NC, USA. Under the guidance of the lead author,

Caudex Medical created the initial draft of this manuscript. “
“Background. This study assesses, for the first time, the incidence, etiology, and determinants associated with traveler’s diarrhea (TD) among French forces deployed to N’Djamena, Chad. Methods. A prospective study was conducted based on physician consultation for diarrhea during a 5-month French forces mandate. Diarrhea was defined as ≥3 loose stools in a 24-hour period or ≥2 loose stools within the last 8 hours. For each diarrheic episode, an anonymous PJ34 HCl physician-administered questionnaire was completed and a stool sample collected. Samples were tested for parasites, bacteria, and enteric viruses. Global incidence rate was calculated using the mean number of soldiers based in N’Djamena (n = 1,024) over the 5-month period, as denominator. Incidence rates were also estimated for each of the eleven 2-week periods of stay. A case-crossover analysis estimated determinants associated with diarrhea. Results. A total of 240 cases of diarrhea were notified by military physicians, resulting in a global incidence rate of 49 cases per 1,000 person-months (PM). The cumulative individual risk of developing diarrhea during the study period was 0.23. The incidence per 2-week stay began at 8.8/1,000 PM, rose to 54.4/1,000 PM after 1 month, and decreased after 2 months.