2002; Ewers and Didham 2006). Accordingly, in several cases positive SA-relationships have been observed

for habitat-specific species, but not for total species numbers (Lövei et al. 2006; Magura et al. 2001; Vries de et al. 1996). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the SAR, two of the most prominent being the ‘area per se hypothesis’ (Preston 1960; MacArthur and Wilson 1967) and the ‘habitat heterogeneity hypothesis’ (Williams 1964). The area per se hypothesis is based on assumptions that probabilities of extinction and colonization will generally be lower and Adavosertib in vitro higher, respectively, in larger areas, while the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis assumes that habitats will be more diverse in larger areas and therefore more species will be able to live in them. Both hypotheses probably partially explain the SAR, although it is difficult to distinguish their relative effects (Connor and McCoy 1979). Efforts to evaluate their relative importance have had varying results (e.g., Báldi 2008; Kallimanis et al. 2008). Attempts have also been made to unify the two hypotheses (Triantis et al. 2003). In this study, the beetle assemblages of 13 sand pits in east-central Sweden were examined

to evaluate the effects of the area of sand pits on the number and composition of species they host. A positive SAR was expected for the selleck inhibitor target species, i.e., specialist species of open sandy habitats (here termed sand species). The effects of four additional habitat characteristics were also tested: the proportion of sand material at the surface, vegetation cover, tree cover and edge habitat. As beetles are a very diverse group we specifically analyzed carabids (Carabidae) in order to see if they could be used as an indicator of diversity for the whole order. Carabids could be useful indicators as they are well known (taxonomically and ecologically), they can be easily and cost-efficiently sampled by pitfall traps, and they include many species confined to habitats in an early

successional stage (Ljungberg 2002; Rainio and Niemelä 2003). Finally, we used our data to draw conclusions with respect to conservation measures for sand pits. More specifically we addressed the following questions: Does the area of sand pits influence beetle ID-8 species number and composition? Does the surrounding matrix influence SAR? Do other examined variables (proportion of sand material, vegetation cover, tree cover and edge habitat) influence beetle diversity? Can carabids be used as a diversity indicator for all beetle species in sand pits? Based on our results, what recommendations can be made for species conservation in sand pits? Materials and methods Study region and study sites The study focused on 13 sites located along three eskers (Enköpings-, Vattholma- and Uppsalaåsen) in Uppsala County, east-central Sweden (Fig. 1).

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML) is a malignant selleckchem myeloproliferative disorder originating from a pluripotent stem cell that expresses the BCR/ABL oncogene and is characterized by abnormal release of the expanded, malignant stem cell clone from the bone marrow into the circulation[1, 2]. The discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome followed by identification of its BCR/ABL fusion gene product and the resultant constitutively active P210 BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase prompted the unravelling

of the molecular pathogenesis of CML. However, regardless of greatly reduced mortality rates with BCR/ABL targeted therapy, most patients harbor quiescent CML stem cells that may be a reservoir for disease progression to blast crisis. Under steady-state conditions, these cancer stem cells are localized in a microenvironment known as the stem cell “”niche”", where they are maintained in an undifferentiated and quiescent state. These niches are critical for regulating the self-renewal and cell fate decisions, yet why and how these cells are recruited to affect leukemia progression are not well known. Local secretion of proteases has been implicated in this tumor-stroma crosstalk. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is one of the proteases

that has the preferential ability to degrade denatured collagens (gelatin) and collagen type IV, the 2 main components of basement membranes and therefore plays a critical role in tumor p38 MAPK apoptosis progression and metastasis[3, 4]. Previous studies have demonstrated localization of MMP-9 on the plasma membrane of various tumor cells[5–7] and recently, the role of MMP-9 in CML pathogenesis has became a focus of attention[8–11]. But the research is mainly focusing on the MMP-9 inducing molecules[12–14] or the effect of MMP-9 inhibitors[15]. However, it has become clear that the role of MMP-9 in CML is not limited to simple extracellular

matrix (ECM) degradation[16]. The regulation of MMP-9 is found to be involved in multiple ZD1839 clinical trial pathways induced by different kinds of cytokines in different cell types and illness[17, 18]. Therefore, it is necessary to verify a specific MMP-9 induced pathway in a given cell type. Recent research[6, 10, 4] showed that T lymphocytes isolated from CML patients suppressed the forming of CFU-GM (colony forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage) and CFU-E (colony forming unit-erythroid) and furthermore this kind of inhibition could be blocked by CsA(cyclosporine A)[19, 20];besides, the rate of the forming of the HSCs (hematopoietic stem cells) increased with the removal of T lymphocytes. Therefore, immunological inhibitors like CsA. and ATG (anti-human thymocyte globulin) was helpful for CML patients and was widely used in clinic therapy[21–23].

Additionally, the DXA technicians in this study were highly trained and accustomed to the careful attention to detail required in research studies. This expertise in patient positioning may also partially explain the important result that exactly matching the ROIs in 3D space with co-registration was not required for high correlations between DXA HSA and QCT for the NN region. We did GDC-0068 molecular weight not foresee this surprising result, as one might intuitively expect that oblique planes caused by improper positioning could result in considerable variation, as well

as variations caused by limiting the determination of the narrowest point to a single 2D projection of a complex 3D object. The fact that the high correlations were seen, albeit with careful positioning, encourages the use of the HSA NN region in clinical studies where co-registration is not possible as a reasonable surrogate for measuring the “true narrow neck” with QCT. This result may also be due to the femoral neck region not having a well-defined weakest location. Physiological remodeling https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html may cause the femoral neck to have a relatively large region which has approximately the same resistance to bending and compression, which would

make the exact placement of the NN region less critical. Previously, Prevrahl et al. [12] have undertaken a DXA QCT study comparing narrow neck region CSMI and reported an r 2 of 0.5, much less that the r 2 of 0.81 with non-registered ROIs and r 2 of 0.88 for co-registered ROIs reported here. The lower correlation found in the Prevahl study may have been due to a combination of different hardware

and algorithms used. Prevahl et al. used a Prodigy (GE/Lunar), and the QCT was performed on a GE9800-Q (GE Healthcare, Inc.) with an Image Analysis QCT phantom and with lower spatial resolution (1 mm × 1 mm × 3 mm voxel). A global threshold was used for the segmentation of the CT data. The algorithm utilized by Prevahl et al. were those contained in the GE/Lunar AHA® software for the DXA and for the QCT, those developed by Lang et al. [31, 32]. Also, careful co-registration was not used. Importantly, the high correlations reported in this study cannot be generalized to other structural measurement software and hardware implementations without further validation. In this study, we chose to only calculate on the QCT dataset that subset of HSA parameters for which highly buy Staurosporine accurate QCT results can be obtained. Even the relatively high-resolution QCT used in this in vivo study cannot measure cortical thickness below 1–1.5 mm accurately [33]. Thus, we did not calculate on the QCT dataset parameters such as cortical thickness and buckling ratio where partial volume artifacts, in particular in elderly patients with decreased cortical thicknesses, would have had large effects. As the true cortical thickness and the true cortical BMC are not known, it is also extremely difficult to correct these artifacts in a theoretically rigorous manner.

Scale bar = 20 nm. EDS mapping for (b) Au and (c) Ag elements. It is also known that with sufficient thermal energy, Au and Ag can easily intermix due to similar lattice structure and high inter-diffusion rate. In solution-synthesized AZ 628 price nanoparticles, generally under relatively low annealing temperature (<200°C), Au/Ag core-shell nanoparticles start to convert to alloy nanoparticles [26]. In the solution process, annealing always needs hours to complete.

As a contrary, the rapid annealing here only takes tens of seconds; thus, the status of Ag atoms will be dynamically determined by the thermal energy. In this case, relatively low temperature may not provide enough thermal energy for intermixing. As a result, with 500°C rapid annealing, sample A still displays a quasi ‘core-shell’ morphology. With longer duration of annealing or higher annealing temperatures, the mixing of Au and Ag will become much more obvious. Figure 5a,b,c,d shows the STEM images and EDS mapping of Au, Ag, and Zn for composite nanodisk sample C. In contrary to sample A, the EDS mapping signal results indicate that the Au and Ag signals SBI-0206965 cell line are almost totally intermixed.

The ratio of the AuM and AgL intensity is approximately 1.2:1. Considering that the Cliff-Lorimer factor (K AB for Au and Ag) of this EDS system is 1.52, this suggests that this alloy nanodisk is Au0.51Ag0.49. Sample B is an intermediate sample, and the STEM characterization yields an elemental distribution in between A and C (not shown here). Figure 5 TEM image of sample C and EDS mapping for Au, Ag, and Zn elements. (a) TEM image of one nanodisk in sample C (high temperature annealing). Scale bar = 5 nm. EDS mapping for (b) Au, (c) Ag, Calpain and (d) Zn elements. Besides, the material characteristics and the optical properties of metal/semiconductors are

also with profound interest. Previous studies suggest that the ability to tune ZnO’s PL recombination by Au and Ag nanoparticles depends on the efficiency of carrier and plasmon coupling as well as carrier transfer between metal and ZnO [27–31]. Particularly, the authors in [31] shows that the alignment of metal energy bands with ZnO also plays an important role. Here, samples with different annealing conditions were employed to test the optical properties. The samples used in the optical characterization are aligned nanorods with relative short length to highlight metal/ZnO interface effect (approximately 1 μm), as shown in Figure 6a. In order to exclude the formation of metal nanoparticles on the side walls of ZnO nanorods, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was spun on the sample to fill the inter-nanorod space (Figure 6a). The top surface was then rapidly cleaned by acetone and deposited with metal nanodisks. The PMMA was subsequently removed by hot acetone for the annealing process. The TEM image in Figure 6b suggests that the metal nanodots are greatly suppressed on the side walls of ZnO nanorods.

Bevacizumab + cisplatin treatment inhibited tumor growth, compared with that of cisplatin at 1 week after treatment. (D) SGC-CBP30 in vitro Quantification of bioluminescence showed no significant difference in tumor growth between bevacizumab and PBS groups 4 weeks after treatment. Bevacizumab + cisplatin treatment inhibited tumor growth compared with that of cisplatin at 4 weeks after

treatment. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Hypoxia is implicated in the adaptive response To gain an insight into possible molecular mechanisms of the increased metastasis, we determined whether hypoxia development was concomitant with metastasis. Mice were assigned into four groups (PBS, bevacizumab, cisplatin and bevacizumab + cisplatin) and received bevacizumab and/or cisplatin treatments for 3 weeks. Four weeks after initial treatment, five mice from each group were sacrificed for examination. Expression of HIF-1α in pulmonary tumor nodules was analyzed by western blotting. In PBS and cisplatin groups, most tumors showed little hypoxia. In contrast, mice that received bevacizumab and bevacizumab + cisplatin therapy showed a markedly increased level of HIF-1α expression (Figure 2). Differences in HIF-1α protein levels in each group were considered statistically significant. Figure 2 Hypoxia is implicated in the adaptive

response Cilengitide mw after short-term bevacizumab treatment. Expression of HIF-1α in pulmonary tumor nodules of the four groups. (A) A representative western blot is shown. β-actin was used as a loading control. (B) While most tumors showed little expression of HIF-1α protein in PBS and cisplatin groups, mice that received bevacizumab and bevacizumab + cisplatin therapy showed a markedly increased level of HIF-1α expression.. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Anti-VEGF treatment also induces increased VM The definition of VM is that tumor cells mimic endothelial cells and form vasculogenic networks. Y-27632 manufacturer CD34-PAS double staining was used to distinguish VM and endothelial-dependent

vessels. CD34 is a marker of endothelial cells, and the basement membrane is positive for PAS. Therefore, we counted PAS-positive and CD34-negative vessels for indicate. Mice were assigned into four groups (PBS, bevacizumab, cisplatin and bevacizumab + cisplatin) that received bevacizumab and/or cisplatin treatments for 3 weeks. Four weeks after initial treatment, five mice from each group were sacrificed for examination. Tumors in the bevacizumab group formed more VM channels than those of PBS and cisplatin, and bevacizumab + cisplatin groups (Figure 3). Figure 3 Anti-VEGF treatment induces increased VM. Comparison of VM channels in mice with various treatments. VM channels were positive for PAS staining and negative for CD34 staining in sections (arrow, ×400). (A) PBS (B) bevacizumab (C) cisplatinp and(D) bevacizumab + cisplatin groups. (E) Comparison of VM channels in A, B, C and D.

High stringency washes were done in 0.5 × SSC, 0.1% SDS Captisol at 68°C twice for 15 min. Hybridization signals were detected with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-DIG antibody (Roche) and the CDP-Star substrate (Roche) and visualized on a LAS-1000 Image Reader (Fuji). For Northern blot analysis, total RNA from procyclic and bloodstream cells was denatured in 50% (v/v) DMSO, 4% (v/v) deionised glyoxal and 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.85, for 5 min at 50°C and separated on a 1% agarose gel in 10 mM sodium phosphate. RNA was transferred to positively charged nylon membranes (Roche) by capillary

force. Prehybridization and hybridization with the DIG-labelled probes were done as described above, but at a hybridisation temperature of 50°C. High stringency washes and hybridisation signal detection were done as described above. A hybridization probe specific for α-actin was generated buy RXDX-101 with primers Actinf (5′-CCGAGTCACACAACGT-3′) and Actinr (5′-CCACCTGCATAACATTG-3′) for the normalization of all blots. Signals were recorded by a luminescent image analyzer (image reader LAS1000; Fuji) and analyzed and quantified with image analyzer software Aida v. 3.11. Generation of transgenic trypanosome cell lines For deletion of the TbrPPX1 locus in procyclic cells, the 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR sequences

of TbrPPX1 gene were amplified by PCR from genomic DNA with High Fidelity Polymerase (Roche), using the primer pairs Tbprune_5UTRf (5′- GGTACC TGGCAGTTGTTAGTGAATAAGAAC-3′

(KpnI)) andTbprune_5UTRr (5′- AAGCTT TATCTTAAGGCCGGAAAGTG-3′ (HindIII)) DNA ligase for the 5′-UTR, andTbprune_3UTRf (5′- GGATCC GACCATTTTGTTATGTTGATCTGTC-3′ (BamHI)) and Tbprune_3UTRr (5′- GAGCTC GCACTCAACCAGACTCGTTACTAG-3′ (SacI)) for the 3′-UTR. The fragments were sequentially cloned into the KpnI/HindIII and BamHI/SacI sites flanking a neomycin or hygromycin resistance cassette in the pBluescript II KS+ phagemid, resulting in the pBS-neo and pBS-hygro TbrPPX1 KO-plasmids. The constructs were released from the plasmid DNAs by digestion with KpnI/SacI, ethanol precipitated, and transfected into procyclic 427 cells. Both TbrPPX1 alleles were replaced by successive transformations using the two antibiotic resistance cassettes. Selection of transformants was done with 15 μg/ml neomycin and 25 μg/ml hygromycin. The correct integration of neo and hygro-dKO was monitored by Southern blotting. Construction of an RNAi cell line To generate the TbrPPX1 RNAi construct, a fragment of the TbrPPX1 gene (bp 645-914 of the open reading frame) was PCR amplified from genomic DNA with the Expand High Fidelity® PCR system (Roche) using the following two primers (HindIII, BamHI and XbaI, XhoI sites underlined): Prune_pMP10-f (5′-CAGC AAGCTTGGATCC GACTACCTGACGGGCATGTT-3′) and Prune_pMP10-r (5′-CC TCTAGACTCGAG ACCAGCGAAGGTCAAGAGAA-3′).

On the other hand, little or weak correlations between I d and the number of As dopants are found. The weak positive correlations with N s NU7026 research buy and N at the off-state are attributed to a tendency that a larger number of dopants lead to smaller L g *. In order to further investigate the effect of the number of As, I d-V g characteristics

of NWs implanted at a smaller dose of 2 × 1014 cm−2 were calculated. The average number of active As atoms in this NW is 16, which averages 1.8 × 1020 cm−3. The average and standard deviation of the on-current in this NW are almost the same as those in the 1 × 1015 cm−2 NW. This is consistent with little or weak correlations between I d and the number of As dopants as we mentioned above. However, a few out of 100 NW devices of 2 × 1014 JQ-EZ-05 ic50 cm−2 have on-current which is only about one half its average. This is attributable to the large interatomic distances of discrete As atoms in these devices. These results indicate that the on-current fluctuation

is caused by the fluctuation of interatomic distances of discrete As atoms, not by the fluctuation of the number of As. The off-current fluctuation can be reduced by a process in which dopants in the S/D extensions are likely to exist near the channel region. In contrast, the on-current fluctuation may be inherent in ultra-small NW transistors because interatomic distance is determined by random atomic movement. Conclusions We have theoretically investigated the effects of random discrete distribution of implanted and annealed As atoms in the S/D extensions on the device characteristics of n-type GAA Si NW transistors. KMC simulation is used for generating realistic random distribution of active As atoms in Si NWs, and the current–voltage characteristics are calculated using the oxyclozanide NEGF method. The fluctuation of drain current

is observed with the normalized standard deviation of approximately 0.2. The correlation between the drain current and the factors related to random As distribution is examined. The results indicate that the on-current fluctuation is not directly due to the fluctuation of the number of dopants in the S/D extensions. The on-current fluctuation may be caused by the randomness of As dopant positions in the S/D extensions and hence is inherent in ultra-small NW transistors. Acknowledgments We acknowledge Dr. Ignacio Martin Bragado for the fruitful discussions on KMC modeling. References 1. Roy S, Asenov A: Where do the dopants go? Science 2005, 309:388–390. 2. Martinez A, Aldegunde M, Seoane N, Brown AR, Barker JR, Asenov A: Quantum-transport study on the impact of channel length and cross sections on variability induced by random discrete dopants in narrow gate-all-around silicon nanowire transistors. Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions 2011, 58:2209–2217.CrossRef 3. Wang X, Brown AR, Cheng B, Asenov A: Statistical variability and reliability in nanoscale FinFETs.

Participants

generally felt that a severity response format would be more appropriate. Following completion of the first-stage cognitive debriefing interviews, the research team decided to focus the content of OPAQ-PF on physical function as a measure of the impact of osteoporosis, concentrating on the domains of mobility (walking, carrying, and climbing), physical positions (bending, reaching, picking up, standing, and sitting), and transfers (getting in and out of bed, chairs, and vehicles, and on and off the toilet). This led to the removal of items addressing fear of falling, HMPL-504 mouse independence, and symptoms. As a result, the instrument generated at the end of the first stage of phase 2 had 16 items in three domains (mobility, physical positions, and transfers) and included a five-point scale that was used throughout the questionnaire: ‘no difficulty’; ‘a little difficulty’; ‘some difficulty’; ‘a lot of difficulty’; and ‘severe difficulty’. This instrument was used in the second stage of phase 2. Second stage: patient demographics Demographic data for the 18 participants (eight in diversity BYL719 group 1, five in group 2, and five in group 3) recruited for this stage of the study are shown in Table 1. As in the first stage, this cohort was predominantly white (83 %), with a mean (±SD) age of 70.0 ± 9.2 years and a mean disease duration of 6.0 ± 4.1 years.

Twelve of the 18 patients had sustained a total of 16 fractures. The predominant fracture site in this cohort was the hip (n = 5). The remaining fractures were distributed among spine (n = 3), wrist (n = 1), ankle (n = 1), distal forearm (n = 1), humerus (n = 2), ribs (n = 1), pelvis (n = 1), and foot/toe (n = 1). Comorbid conditions included osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and restless legs syndrome. Second stage: concept elicitation In the second stage of phase 2, saturation was achieved after the 13th concept elicitation interview. Concept elicitation data supporting the Progesterone final version of OPAQ-PF are summarized in Table 2. First- and second-stage interview data are presented

together. The results demonstrate widespread support for all items in the domains of mobility, physical positions, and transfers. Second stage: cognitive debriefing Cognitive debriefing results obtained in the first stage of phase 2 reflect participants’ thoughts regarding the design of the questionnaire, the language used, its applicability, the ease with which the instructions could be interpreted, response options, and the recall period. The questionnaire underwent further iterative modifications during the second stage of phase 2 as a result of participants’ feedback. These modifications included removing one item, re-wording of items, and the addition of examples for clarification. As in the first stage of phase 2, all modifications were tracked in an item-tracking matrix.

shahii 85           SDMOL37 1 55 A. shahii 88           SDMOL127 1 56 S. dextrinosolvens 97           SDMOL66 1 57 P. brevis 87           P Prevotella, S Succinivibrio, A Alistipes, Par Paraprevotella, Ros Roseburia, Rum Ruminococcus, Sp Sporanaerobacter, C Clostridium, Pab Parabacteroides, Pro Proteiniphilum, B Barnesiella, a number of clones, b sequence indentity, OTU # OTU No. Within the CS clone library, 36 of the 50 OTUs were 85-98% related to species belonging to genus Prevotella. Within these 36 OTUs,

only one OTU (2% of clones) had >97% sequence identity to P. brevis, 14 OTUs (36% of clones) had 90-93% identity to P. brevis and 11 OTUs (27% of clones) SN-38 purchase had 91-95% identity to P. ruminicola making them the dominant bacterial species, whereas the

remaining 10 OTUs (12% of clones) exhibited distant sequence identity to P. shahii, P. veroralis, P. albensis, P. salivae and P. dentalis. Of the remaining 14 OTUs (of the 50 total), 3 OTUs (3% of clones) were distantly related (89%) to Paraprevotella clara, 1 OTU (9% of clones) showed 97% identity to S. dextrinosolvens, 3 OTUs (3% of clones) had 90-95% identity to Ruminococcus bromii, 2 OTUs (2% of clones) had 84% identity to Parabacteroides merdae, 1 OTU (1% of clones) was 86% related to Clostridium aldrichii, and 1 OTU (1% of clones) was 91% related to Clostridium bolteae, 4 other OTUs (4% of clones) showed distant sequence identities to Roseburia hominis, Proteiniphilum acetatigenes, see more A. shahii and Sporanaerobacter acetigenes, respectively. Overall, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 107 OTUs were divided into six distinct phylogenetic groups (Figure 3).In addition, Etomidate the comparison between Norwegian reindeer, Svalbard reindeer and domesticated Sika deer at community level with Fast Unifrac [13], which analyze phylogenetic lineages, showed that the bacterial composition in the rumen of domesticated Sika deer fed oak leaves based diets was more similar to that of domesti-cated

Sika deer fed corn stalks based diets, and differed from Svalbard reindeer and Norwegian reindeer (Figure 4). However, there were also shared bacterial communities between domestic Sika deer and Reindeer. Figure 3 Phylogenetic tree of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences from two groups using the Neighbor-Joining method and Kimura two-parameter model in MEGA. Clones from Sika deer fed oak leaves beginning with SDMOL, followed by clone number, and from corn stalks beginning with SDCS, followed by clone number. Aquifex pyrophilus was used as the outgroup. Statistical significance was verified by bootstrapping 1000 replicates. Figure 4 PCoA analysis generating from the UniFrac software coloured by host animals and diets.

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and its application to promote temperature tolerance. PLoS One 2012, 7:e49467.PubMedCrossRef 37. Hajek J, Vaczi P, Bartak M, Jahnova L: Interspecific differences in cryoresistance of lichen symbiotic algae of genus Trebouxia assessed by cell viability and chlorophyll fluorescence. Cryobiology 2012, 64:215–222.PubMedCrossRef Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor 38. Sato M, Murata Y, Mizusawa M: A simple and rapid dual-fluorescence viability assay for microalgae. Microbiol Cult Collect 2004, 20:53–59. 39. Zeder M, Van den Wyngaert S, Koster O, Felder KM, Pernthaler J: Automated quantification and sizing of unbranched filamentous cyanobacteria by model-based object-oriented image analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:1615–1622.PubMedCrossRef 40. Kroth PG: Protein transport into secondary plastids and the evolution of primary and secondary plastids. Int Rev Cytol 2002, 221:191–255.PubMedCrossRef 41. Karapetyan NV: Non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence in cyanobacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2007, 72:1127–1135.CrossRef 42. Chang M, Chou JC, Lee HJ: Cellular internalization of fluorescent proteins via arginine-rich intracellular delivery peptide in plant cells. Plant Cell Physiol 2005, 46:482–488.PubMedCrossRef 43. Liu K, Lee HJ, Leong SS, Liu CL, Chou JC: A bacterial indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid hydrolase inhibits mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.) seed germination through arginine-rich intracellular delivery.