In order to obtain Green’s function, we use the following expression [17]: (5) where and are the self-energy terms of left and right leads, respectively, and is the Hamiltonian of the conductor, i.e., in our case, the circular graphene

sheet plus a few unit cells of the leads. In our approach, the contact leads at opposite sides of the circular graphene sheet is the graphene sheet itself extended to make the leads semi-infinite. This is equivalent to have reflectionless contacts in macroscopic conductors. Self-energy terms are calculated using the prescription , where is Green’s function of the semi-infinite lead (right or left) evaluated on sites k and l, which are in contact with sites i and j in the circular graphene sheet. We only need to calculate in the sites in contact with the conductor. To do that, we use the formalism developed by López Sancho et al. [18]. This method has the advantage that DNA Damage inhibitor the number of iterations close to singularities is very low compared to other transfer matrix methods, so it converges very fast and has been applied to graphene layers by other authors (see e.g. [19]). In this scheme, Green’s function is , where is the Hamiltonian of one isolated graphene cell in the lead, and is the matrix that takes into account the interaction between two consecutive cells. For the calculation

of T, we use the iterative method described in [18]. From Green’s function of the graphene structure, we calculate the transmission function and the density of check details states as [17] (6) (7) In Equation 6, G R/A are the retarded and advanced Green’s functions, respectively, and . We denote the trace of the matrix considered by “Tr”, which is extended over the whole matrix. Results and discussion Ibrutinib chemical structure We have obtained different properties of graphene Baf-A1 purchase structures with and without pentagonal defects, in order to evaluate the influence of the defect and the geometry on their electronic properties. For the closed structure, we have calculated the total density of states, which is shown in Figure 2,

for both the defect-free structure (dashed line) and with PD (continuous line). We see that the density for the structure with PD shows a shoulder near E=0, indicating the existence of additional edge states induced by the presence of the PD and the circular shape of the structure. The behaviour of the participation number confirmes these findings (see Figure 3a for the ND and Figure 3b for the PD structures). One can observe that P PD

RCF conducted the microarrays and performed the analysis, constructed the logo, participated in motility studies, and contributed to the editing of the manuscript. AV-T and JJ-C carried-out all of the mice studies. MM and SP constructed and provided the microarray slides. HMH conceived the idea, directed the research, and contributed to the writing/editing of the manuscript. All authors have read

and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In natural environments, bacteria can adhere to surfaces forming a complex structure called a biofilm. When embedded in biofilms, microorganisms can be protected from several adverse factors Nutlin-3a cost such as temperature, low nutrients and the presence of biocides [1–6]. Therefore, understanding the ecology of microorganisms selleck compound in this structure is fundamental in order to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of real systems. In nature, biofilms typically consist of many species of microorganisms that

can interact with each other either positively (for instance, the synthesis of a AZD0156 order metabolite by one species which can be used in the metabolism of another) or negatively (such as nutrient competition) [7–9]. One type of biofilm that has been widely studied is that formed in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) because of its role in the persistence of pathogens in drinking water and the consequent potential for impact on public health [10–12]. Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen that can cause Legionnaires’ disease or Pontiac fever [13, 14]. This pathogen is found naturally in fresh water reservoirs and can contaminate drinking water when disinfection is inefficient, 5-FU cost being transmitted to man when contaminated aerosols are inhaled [12, 15–17]. The mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori remains controversial but drinking water as a route of transmission has recently gained recognition [18]. Although no cultivable H. pylori have

ever been recovered from drinking water systems, molecular techniques such as PCR [19–22] and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes used to target 16 S rRNA in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays [23, 24], have demonstrated the presence of this pathogen in DWDS. This identification, in addition to epidemiological studies, point to different prevalence of H. pylori in the microbial population which is associated with the type of source water. This strongly supports water as a route of transmission [18, 25–27]. Previous studies have demonstrated that both pathogens can be incorporated into heterotrophic drinking water biofilms and persist for at least 32 days [28, 29]. In the case of H.

J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008, 48:320–5. 73. Lorino AJ, Lloyd LK, ATM Kinase Inhibitor molecular weight Crixell SH, Walker JL: The effects of caffeine on athletic agility. J Strength Cond Res 2006, 20:851–54.PubMed 74. MacIntosh BR, Wright BM: Caffeine ingestion and performance of a 1,500-metre swim. Can J Appl Physiol 1995, 20:168–77.PubMed 75. Anderson ME, Bruce CR, Fraser SF, Stepto NK, Klein

R, Hopkins WG, Hawley JA: Improved 2000-meter rowing performance in competitive oarswomen after caffeine A-1210477 mw ingestion. Int J of Sport Nutr Exerc Meta 2000, 10:464–75. 76. Astorino TA, Rohmann RL, Firth K, Kelly S: Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2008, 102:127–132.CrossRefPubMed 77. Woolf K, Bidwell WK, Carlson AG: Effect of caffeine as an ergogenic aid during anaerobic exercise performance in caffeine naive collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:1363–1369.CrossRefPubMed 78. Motl RW, O’Connor PJ, Tubandt L, Puetz T, Ely MR: Effect of caffeine on leg muscle pain during cycling exercise among females. Med Sci Sports MCC950 molecular weight Exerc 2006, 38:598–604.CrossRefPubMed 79. Ahrens JN, Crixell SH, Lloyd LK, Walker JL:

The physiological effects of caffeine in women during treadmill walking. Journal of strength conditioning research 2007, 21:164–68.CrossRef 80. Ahrens JN, Lloyd LK, Crixell SH, Walker JL: The effects of caffeine in women during aerobic-dance bench stepping. Int J of Sport Nutr Exerc Meta 2007, 17:27–34. 81. Goldstein

E, Jacobs PJ, Whitehurst M, Penhollow T, Antonio J: The effects of caffeine supplementation on strength and muscular endurance in resistance-trained females. In Master’s Thesis. Florida Atlantic University, Exercise Science & Health Promotion Department; 2009. 82. Dodd SL, Brooks E, Powers SK, Tulley R: The effects of caffeine on graded exercise performance in caffeine naive versus habituated subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991, 62:424–9.CrossRef 83. Van Soeren MH, Sathasivam P, Spriet LL, Graham TE: Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise Inositol monophosphatase 1 in users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:805–12.PubMed 84. Eddy NM, Downs AW: Tolerance and cross-tolerance in the human subject to the diruetic effect of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1928, 33:167–174. 85. Maughan RJ, Griffin J: Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: A review. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2003, 16:411–420.CrossRef 86. Falk B, Burstein R, Rosenblum J, Shaprio Y, Zylber-Katz E, Bashan N: Effects of caffeine ingestion on body fluid balance and thermoregulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990, 68:889–92.PubMed 87. Wemple RD, Lamb DR, McKeever KH: Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: Effects of urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. Int J of Sports Med 1997, 18:40–46.CrossRef 88. Armstrong LE: Caffeine, body fluid-electrolyte balance, and exercise performance. Int J of Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2002, 12:189–206. 89.

“
“Background The advantageous physicochemical properties of many of the different carbon microNU7026 ic50 structures have attracted a wide range of research interests and a large variety of carbon allotropes ranging from graphene sheets to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), diamond-like coatings, and glassy carbon have been investigated intensively [1–4].

Glassy carbon is one of the carbon allotropes of particular interest in PF-4708671 ic50 this study; it exhibits a wide electrochemical stability window, excellent biocompatibility, superior thermal and chemical stability, low gas permeability, and high thermal conductivity [5]. The low reactivity and gas impermeability of glassy carbon has been explained by a fullerene-related model that holds that glassy carbon contains primarily non-graphitizing sp

2-bonded carbons [6]. Glassy carbon has been explored for applications in solar cell systems [7], Li-ion batteries [8], optical memory devices [9], and electrochemical sensing platforms [10]. To enable these listed applications, several research groups are working towards low-cost carbon fabrication processes. Interesting three-dimensional (3D) glassy carbon shapes can often be obtained simply by patterning certain polymer precursors into the desired geometry and heating it at high temperature in an inert atmosphere or in vacuum, i.e., by pyrolysis or carbonization [11]. Based on this general fabrication scheme, various types of polymer patterning processes and pyrolysis process variations are combined to extend the applications of glassy carbon devices. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) [12–14] and photosensitive polymers [5, 10, 15, 16] are widely used as polymeric precursors selleck for glassy carbon. Selleckchem Verteporfin Glassy carbon nanowires were fabricated, for example, by the pyrolysis of poly furfuryl alcohol nanowires polymerized in the pores of a nanoporous alumina template and subsequent template removal [13]. These

nanowires exhibited semiconductor-type electrical properties as also found in semiconducting amorphous materials [17]. However, with a technique like this, it is difficult to position carbon nanowires at desired locations of pre-existing structures for the completion of micro/nanodevices or for realizing reliable ohmic contacts with the nanowire at desired points along the nanowires. A more versatile fabrication method called carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) was developed; it is capable of generating monolithic 3D carbon micro/nanostructures, inclusive of ohmic contacts, by pyrolyzing photosensitive micro/nanopolymer structures pre-patterned using any type of lithography including UV lithography and e-beam lithography [8, 16]. Especially when UV lithography is used to pattern the polymer structures, C-MEMS constitutes a simple and relatively low-cost fabrication method [5, 10, 15]. During pyrolysis, the polymer precursor experiences dramatic volume shrinkage and that shrinkage is isometric and predictable.

Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:210.CrossRef 48. Lin Y, Koga T, Nitta J: Effect of an InP/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As interface on spin-orbit interaction in In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As heterostructures . Phys Rev B 2005, 71:045328.CrossRef Selleckchem AZD3965 Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JY conducted the see more experiments and wrote the paper. YC designed the experiments and performed the sample fabrications. SC, YL, and QZ assisted with the measurements and analysis. All authors contributed through scientific discussions and read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Organic electrically bistable devices

have aroused extensive interests due to their unique advantages such as simple-fabrication process, large memory density, and lower power consumption [1–3]. A wide variety of materials, including conjugated polymers, small organic molecules and inorganic nanocrystals, have been applied to obtain better device performance [4–6]. Among different candidates for electrically bistable devices, colloidal inorganic nanocrystals have been studied extensively due to their unique chemical and physical properties. To date, some different types of inorganic nanocrystals, such as ZnO, Cu2S, and CdSe/ZnS have been embedded into polymers to fabricate electrically bistable devices,

which have exhibited clear www.selleckchem.com/products/emricasan-idn-6556-pf-03491390.html electrical bistabilities [7–10]. These nanocrystals mentioned above, however, have their intrinsic defects, such as toxicity and instability, which limit their further applications [11, 12]. In the electrically bistable devices based on inorganic nanocrystals, NDR effects standing for the current decreasing with the increasing bias voltage have often been observed, which have aroused much attention since it is considered to be a key feature for their conduction system [13–15]. Florfenicol As promising optoelectronic candidates, Ag2S nanocrystals have the advantages of

less toxic and good stability, which are still rarely seen in the reports of organic electrically bistable devices. In this letter, an electrically bistable device has been fabricated based on the composites containing spherical Ag2S nanocrystals and PVK using a simple spin-coating method. Current–voltage (I-V) measurements as well as retention and reproducibility tests have demonstrated that the devices show good electrical bistability and stability. The NDR effects have been studied by applying different positive charging voltages and the charging time, which can be attributed to the charge trapping/detrapping process in the Ag2S nanocrystals. Moreover, the carrier transport mechanism has been described based on the I-V results. Methods The Ag2S colloidal nanocrystals used in this study were prepared according to our previous report [16].

J Clin Microbiol 2004,42(9):4040–4049.PubMedCrossRef 4. Constant P, Perez E, Malaga W, Laneelle MA, Saurel O, Daffe M, Guilhot C: Role of the pks15/1 gene in the biosynthesis of phenolglycolipids in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis

complex. Evidence that all strains synthesize glycosylated p-hydroxybenzoic methyl Temsirolimus esters and that strains devoid of phenolglycolipids harbor a frameshift mutation in the pks15/1 gene. J Biol Chem 2002,277(41):38148–38158.PubMedCrossRef 5. Tsolaki AG, Gagneux S, Pym AS, Goguet de la Salmoniere YO, Kreiswirth BN, Van Soolingen D, Small PM: Genomic deletions classify the Beijing/W strains as a distinct genetic lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005,43(7):3185–3191.PubMedCrossRef click here 6. Bifani PJ, Mathema B, Kurepina NE, Kreiswirth BN: Global dissemination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing family strains. selleck products Trends Microbiol 2002,10(1):45–52.PubMedCrossRef 7. Glynn JR, Whiteley J, Bifani PJ, Kremer K, van Soolingen D: Worldwide occurrence of Beijing/W strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review. Emerg Infect Dis 2002,8(8):843–849.PubMed 8. European Concerted Action on new generation genetic markers and techniques

for the epidemiology and control of Tuberculosis. Beijing/W genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug resistance Emerg Infect Dis 2006,12(5):736–743. 9. Samper S, Iglesias MJ, Rabanaque MJ, Gomez LI, Lafoz MC, Jimenez MS, Ortega A, Lezcano MA, Van Soolingen D, Martin C: Systematic molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2005,43(3):1220–1227.PubMedCrossRef 10. Theus SA, Cave many MD, Eisenach KD: Intracellular macrophage growth rates and cytokine profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with different transmission dynamics. J Infect Dis 2005,191(3):453–460.PubMedCrossRef 11. Lopez B, Aguilar D, Orozco H, Burger M, Espitia C, Ritacco V, Barrera L, Kremer K, Hernandez-Pando R, Huygen K, et al.: A marked difference in pathogenesis and immune response induced by different Mycobacterium

tuberculosis genotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 2003,133(1):30–37.PubMedCrossRef 12. Reed MB, Domenech P, Manca C, Su H, Barczak AK, Kreiswirth BN, Kaplan G, Barry CE: A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response. Nature 2004,431(7004):84–87.PubMedCrossRef 13. Manca C, Reed MB, Freeman S, Mathema B, Kreiswirth B, Barry CE, Kaplan G: Differential monocyte activation underlies strain-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2004,72(9):5511–5514.PubMedCrossRef 14. Caminero JA, Pena MJ, Campos-Herrero MI, Rodriguez JC, Garcia I, Cabrera P, Lafoz C, Samper S, Takiff H, Afonso O, et al.: Epidemiological evidence of the spread of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of the Beijing genotype on Gran Canaria Island. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001,164(7):1165–1170.PubMed 15.

Fig. 2 Tidal changes around continuous Escherichia coli monitoring Water samples (10 mL) were diluted 10-fold with sterile distilled water and were subjected to most probable number analysis using a commercial test kit (Colilert 18/QuantiTray™, check details IDEXX Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) (Fricker et al. 1997). The samples were incubated at 37 °C for 18 h, in AZD9291 accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Sediment analyses Microbial quinone Microbial quinone is an essential component in the electron transport chain of microorganisms (Hiraishi et al. 1989). Quinones are divided into two groups: respiratory quinones and photosynthetic quinones.

Respiratory quinones, ubiquinone (Q) and menaquinone (MK), exist in bacteria that use respiration to gain energy. In general, ubiquinone is used for aerobic or anoxic respiration and menaquinone for aerobic or anaerobic respiration (Jones 1988). Photosynthetic quinones, plastoquinone (PQ) and vitamin K1

(VK1), are present in photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae and cyanobacteria (Collins NCT-501 supplier and Jones 1981; Jones 1988). Each microorganism has only one predominant quinone associated with that species, which is stable even when environmental conditions change. The content of quinone corresponds to the amount of biomass of the microorganisms (Hiraishi et al. 1989). Therefore, quinones have been used as a biomarker to quantitatively analyze a microbial community structure in aqueous environments, such as tidal flats or seabed sediments (Hasanudin

et al. 2004, 2005). It is known that quinone species are assigned to phylogenetic taxa on the basis of the available chemotaxonomic information (Hiraishi et al. 1989). Q-8, Q-9 and Q-10 are assigned to the beta, gamma and alpha subclasses of Proteobacteria, respectively (Yokota et al. 1992). MK-6, MK-7 and MK-8 are assigned to taxonomic groups including the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga group (Nakagawa and Yamasato 1993) and gram-positive bacteria with low G + C contents (Collins and Jones 1981). In Clomifene addition, MK-7 occurs in sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfotomaculum and Desulfococcus species (Collins and Widdel 1986). To evaluate microbial community structure, 250 mL surface sediments, up to ~10 cm depth, were sampled at sites 1, 2-2 and 3 on 10 August 2010. Samples were stored at −20 °C. Microbial quinone in the sediments was assayed according to a procedure reported previously (Hasanudin et al. 2004, 2005). Lipids, including quinone, were extracted from the sediment sample with a chloroform–methanol mixture (2:1, v/v) that was re-extracted with hexane. The crude quinone extract in hexane was concentrated using a solid-phase extraction cartridge (Sep-Pak® Plus Silica, Nihon Waters, Tokyo, Japan) and was separated into menaquinone and ubiquinone with 2 and 10 % diethylether–hexane, respectively.

However, the process of cancer initiation, metastasis and recurrence is sequential and selective, and consists of a series of independent steps with interlinks [3–6]. Reportedly, CD133 expressing cells in glioblstoma and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL880(GSK1363089,EXEL-2880).html colorectal cancers include, PF-6463922 cell line but are apparently not limited to, the small subpopulation of tumor cells

termed as cancer stem cells (CSCs) which mediate tumor initiation, metastasis and recurrence [4–6], and possess the unique self-renewal properties, the multiple differentiating potential, the proliferating aptitude and the carcinogenesis [5, 7, 8]. In addition to being considered as the tumor initiating cell population, CSCs have also been demonstrated to resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy implying that they are responsible for tumor recurrence [9, 10]. At the same time, CD133 has been considered as a CSCs marker in many kinds of tumors such as colorectal [5, 6], brain [4, 7], prostate [8], pancreatic [11] and gastric cancers [12]. One of the aims in this study was to investigate the expression

levels of CD133 BIBW2992 mw protein and CD133 mRNA in primary lesion of gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) and to compare these expressive levels with clinicopathological characteristics and survival time after curative resection. Additionally, we explored the relation of CD133 mRNA expression level with lymphatic vessel infiltration, lymph node metastasis and metastatic lymph node ratio [13] which factors reflected the status of lymphatic metastasis demonstrated wildly as one of the main risk factors for the prognosis. At the same time, immunostaining for Ki-67, a kind of cellule nucleus protein, and its labeling index

(LI) were applied to assess the proliferating ability of tumor cells with higher or lower CD133 mRNA level and the relation of this proliferating ability of tumor cells sharing higher or lower CD133 mRNA level were evaluated. Methods Patients A total of 99 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy (D2 or D3; R0 or R1) for primary GC at our hospital from July 2004 to July 2009 were registered Aprepitant for immunohistochemical staining in this study. The median age of the patients was 62.0 years old (range 29~83 years old) in this group of patients. Among them, a total of 31 patients from May 2008 to July 2009 were also assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR for detecting CD133 mRNA in primary lesion and in noncancerous gastric tissue (NCGT), which was identified by pathological observation, at > 5 cm distance adjacent to primary lesion, and by immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 expression in tumor cells. In this group of patients, the median age of the patients was 64.0 years old (range 34~83 years old). None of them accepted any preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All of the cases received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The diameter of tumors was ranged from 1 to 10 cm; median 5.0 cm.

Thus, iron induced flocculation and ROS accumulation were not related to each other. MCFO expression was see more induced by low iron levels The expression of genes involved in iron uptake is regulated by iron availability. HAIU genes are induced under restricted iron conditions and repressed under high iron concentrations [23]. As mentioned above, members of the corresponding protein families are present in the plasma membrane of C. albicans. Heating whole microbial cells resuspended in phosphate buffers to elevated temperatures was already described as a method for the extraction of proteins associated with the cell wall or with the plasma membrane of different microorganisms [40–42].

We applied a similar approach by briefly boiling C. albicans cells grown in YPD medium or RIM. Proteins involved in HAIU were expected to be more abundant in cells cultivated in RIM compared to YPD. Extracted proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and visualized by coomassie staining. A protein band (80–100 kDa), which was significantly accumulated in RIM (Figure 3A), Danusertib was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS, MS/MS and N-terminal Edman degradation for identification. N-terminal sequencing of the protein extracted from the respective gel band resulted in the identification of the amino acid sequence KTHTxYYKTGxVNAN (amino acids given in the single letter code) which corresponds

to the N-terminal sequence of the MCFO Fet3p (KTHTWYYKTGWVNAN) after cleavage of a predicted 20 amino acid signal peptide (Figure 3B). In the genome of C. albicans, five MCFO encoding genes are present. These are FET3 (orf19.4211), FET31 (orf19.4213), FET33 (orf19.943), FET34 (orf19.4215) and FET99 (orf19.4212). The K21 residue is unique

for Fet3p among C. albicans MCFOs (Figure 3B). Additionally, a glutamic acid peak appeared at residue 21, but was less intense than the lysine peak. This is indicative for the MCFOs Fet31p, Fet34p and Fet99p (Figure 3B). MALDI-TOF MS-analysis led to the identification of three peptide peaks specific for Fet34p and two peaks specific for Fet3p in addition to one peak shared between Fet34p and Fet3p, another peak shared between Fet3p, Fet31p and one peak shared between Fet3p, Thalidomide Fet31p and Fet99p (Table 1). MS-MS analysis of the peak appearing at 1384.7 m/z unequivocally confirmed the selleck chemical presence of Fet34p in the excised band. Taken together, these data indicated the presence of at least Fet3p and Fet34p in the protein extract. However, presence of Fet31p and Fet99p is also possible and could neither be confirmed nor excluded. In general, all C. albicans MCFOs apart from Fet33p, are highly conserved among each other as Fet31p, Fet34p and Fet99p have an amino acid sequence identity ranging between 75 – 83% compared to Fet3p [15]. Figure 3 MCFOs expression was regulated by iron levels. (A) SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins extracted by heating whole yeast cells of C. albicans SC5314.

Mol Microbiol 2009, 71:1250–1262.PubMedCrossRef 32. Morris AR, Visick KL: The response regulator SypE controls biofilm formation and colonization through phosphorylation of

the syp-encoded regulator check details SypA in Vibrio fischeri . Mol Microbiol 2013, 87:509–525.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 33. Quin MB, Berrisford JM, Newman JA, Baslé A, Lewis RJ, Marles-Wright J: The bacterial stressosome: a modular system that has been adapted to control secondary messenger signaling. Structure 2012, 20:350–363.PubMedCrossRef 34. Parashar A, Colvin KR, Bignell DRD, Leskiw BK: BldG and SCO3548 interact antagonistically to control key developmental processes in Streptomyces coelicolor . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:2541–2550.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 35. Anthony JR, Newman JD, Donohue TJ: Interactions between the Rhodobacter sphaeroides ECF sigma factor, σ E , and its anti-sigma factor, ChrR. J Mol Biol 2004, 341:345–360.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 36. Green HA, Donohue TJ: Activity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides RpoH II , a second

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response in Rhodobacter sphaeroides . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:220–230.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 41. Alias A, Cejudo FJ, Chabert J, Willison JC, Vignais PM: Nucleotide Urease sequence of wild-type and mutant nifR4 ( ntrA ) genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus : identification of an essential glycine residue. Nucleic Acids Res 1989, 17:5377.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 42. Cullen PJ, Foster-Hartnett D, Gabbert KK, Kranz RG: Structure and expression of the alternative sigma factor, RpoN, in Rhodobacter capsulatus ; physiological relevance of an autoactivated nifU2-rpoN superoperon. Mol Microbiol 1994, 11:51–65.PubMedCrossRef 43. Jones R, Haselkorn R: The DNA sequence of the Rhodobacter capsulatus ntrA , ntrB and ntrC gene analogs required for nitrogen fixation. Mol Gen Genet 1989, 215:507–516.PubMedCrossRef 44. Wall JD, Weaver PF, Gest H: Gene transfer agents, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata . Arch Microbiol 1975, 105:217–224.PubMedCrossRef 45. Beatty JT, Gest H: Generation of succinyl-coenzyme A in photosynthetic bacteria.