For instance, among men, the risk ratio indicating the associatio

For instance, among men, the risk ratio indicating the association between sexual orientation

and marijuana use was 24% greater in high- versus low-structural stigma states, and for women it was 28% greater in high- versus low-structural stigma states. Stigma in the form of social policies and attitudes may contribute to sexual orientation disparities in illicit drug use. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Shiga toxin Escherichia coli (STEC), also BAY 73-4506 nmr called verotoxin-producing E. coli, is a major cause of food-borne illness, capable of causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). This study was carried out to evaluate the presence of (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7 in shellfish and Mediterranean coastal environments of Morocco. The contamination of shellfish and marine environment with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7, was investigated during 2007 and 2008. A total of 619 samples were analyzed and 151 Vorinostat strains of E. coli were isolated. The presence of the stx1, stx2, and eae genes was tested in E. coli isolates strains using a triplex polymerase chain

reaction. STEC was detected in three positives samples (1.9%), corresponding to the serotype O157:H7, the others Shiga toxin-producing E. coli non-O157 were also detected.”
“Background Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and most severe inherited retinal degeneration. Isolated forms of LCA frequently result from mutation of the CEP290 gene which is expressed in various ciliated tissues.\n\nMethods Seven LCA patients with CEP290 mutations were investigated to study otorhinolaryngologic phenotype and respiratory cilia. Nasal biopsies and brushing were performed to study cilia ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy and ciliary beating using high-speed videomicroscopy, respectively. CEP290 expression in normal nasal epithelium was studied using real-time RT-PCR.\n\nResults When electron microscopy was feasible (5/7), high levels of respiratory

cilia defects were detected. The main defects concerned dynein arms, central complex and/or peripheral microtubules. All patients HIF-1 activation had a rarefaction of ciliated cells and a variable proportion of short cilia. Frequent but moderate and heterogeneous clinical and ciliary beating abnormalities were found. CEP290 was highly expressed in the neural retina and nasal epithelial cells compared with other tissues.\n\nDiscussion These data provide the first clear demonstration of respiratory cilia ultrastructural defects in LCA patients with CEP290 mutations. The frequency of these findings in LCA patients along with the high expression of CEP290 in nasal epithelium suggest that CEP290 has an important role in the proper development of both the respiratory ciliary structures and the connecting cilia of photoreceptors.

Here, we describe a two-step approach to track motile T cells in

Here, we describe a two-step approach to track motile T cells in murine dorsal explanted skin with the best accuracy. First, we compared various explanted skin mounting methods for 2PEM analysis to define the setup allowing for minimal sample drift over time. Second, we developed two algorithms with the ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) to correct the residual drift using AZD1208 price lateral and axial registration of the collagen network. Finally, we applied the macro we developed to track fluorescent T cells in explanted skin.

We found that our newly developed macro is more efficient than freely or commercially available software for shift correction, leading to more accurate velocity Epigenetic inhibitor nmr calculations. Our work provides a practical guide for investigators interested to employ skin-imaging approaches and offers a free alternative to commercial software for correcting lateral and axial drifts. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:294-301, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Oxobenzimidazoles (e.g., 1), a novel series of androgen receptor (AR) antagonists,

were discovered through de novo design guided by structure-based drug design. The compounds in this series were reasonably permeable and metabolically stable, but suffered from poor solubility. The incorporation of three dimensional structural features led to improved solubility. In addition, the observation of a ‘flipped’ binding mode of an oxobenzimidazole analog in an AR ligand binding domain (LBD) model, led to the design and discovery of the novel oxindole series (e.g., 2) that is a potent full antagonist of AR.\n\n[GRAPHICS]\n\n. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In an evolutionarily conserved

gene organization (syntenic region), the sigH gene shares exceptionally low homology among staphylococcal species. We analyzed the “positionally cloned” sigH sequences of 39 staphylococcal species. The topology of the SigH phylogenetic tree was consistent with that of 16S rRNA. Certain clinical isolates were successfully check details differentiated at the species level with the sigH sequence data set. We propose that the sigH gene is a promising molecular target in genotypic identification because it is highly discriminative in differentiating closely related staphylococcal species. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Defecation syncope (DS) and micturition syncope (MS) are daily excretion-related syndromes that are both classified as situational. However, their clinical features seem to be very different, so the present comparative study aimed to clarify those of DS.\n\nMethods and Results: The study population consisted of 20 consecutive patients with DS and 37 consecutive patients with MS. The DS patients were significantly older than the MS patients (63 15 vs 52 17 years, P=0.026). Gender was significantly different (P=0.026): women predominated in the DS group (60%) whereas men more commonly had MS (70%).

7 ng/mL) The 95% confidence range for these habits exceeded the

7 ng/mL). The 95% confidence range for these habits exceeded the threshold for addiction. Our findings from rural Cambodia indicate that the typical betel quid habit among women supports the same level of nicotine addiction as the typical

cigarette habit in men.”
“Natural polymer-based hydrogels are of interest to health care professionals as wound dressings owing to their ability to absorb exudates and provide https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mcc950-sodium-salt.html hydration for healing. The aims of this study were to develop and characterize bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid (BC/AA) hydrogels synthesized by electron beam irradiation and investigate its wound healing potential in an animal model. The BC/AA hydrogels were characterized by SEM, tensile strength, water absorptivity, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The cytotoxicity of the hydrogels was investigated in L929 cells. Skin irritation and wound healing properties were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. BC/AA hydrogels had a macroporous network structure, high swelling ratio (4000-6000% at 24h), and high WVTR (2175-2280g/m(2)/day). The hydrogels were non-toxic in the cell viability assay. In vivo experiments indicated that hydrogels promoted

faster Selleckchem EPZ5676 wound-healing, enhanced epithelialization, and accelerated fibroblast proliferation compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that BC/AA hydrogels are promising materials for burn dressings. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This is to introduce a formulaic expression of composite grafts of coronary artery bypass. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Eradication of H. pylori can reduce the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer developing in infected humans. Thus, the consumption of foods

that inhibit the growth of these bacteria may provide an alternative to current therapies that include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors and/or bismuth salts. This study describes a simple broth dilution assay developed to screen a range of foods for their individual and combined effects on H. pylori growth. It was found that foods with measurable anti-H. pylori activity have an effect greater in combination than the sum of foods tested singly, and that this was most noticeable with a combination of broccoli sprouts and C59 price blackcurrant oil. The results suggest that food synergy should be considered in any nutraceutical approach to H. pylori infection. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Objective: Perioperative stroke and death (PSD) are more common after carotid artery stenting (CAS) than after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in symptomatic patients, but whether this is also true in asymptomatic patients is unclear. Furthermore, use of both CEA and CAS varies geographically, suggesting possible variation in outcomes. We compared odds of PSD after CAS and CEA in asymptomatic patients to determine the impact of this variation.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIPseq) revealed that

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIPseq) revealed that ethanol has broad effects on the HSC epigenome and identified 41 gene loci at which both MML1 and its H3K4me3 mark were enriched in response to ethanol. Conclusions:

Ethanol directly influences HSC transdifferentiation by stimulating global changes in chromatin structure, resulting in the increased expression of ECM proteins. The ability of alcohol to remodel the epigenome during HSC transdifferentiation provides mechanisms for it to act as a co-morbidity factor in liver disease. (C) 2014 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Phospholamban (PLN) is an effective inhibitor of the sarco(endo) plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Here, we examined PLN stability and degradation in primary cultured mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes SBE-β-CD mw (CMNCs) and mouse hearts using immunoblotting, molecular imaging, and [35S] methionine pulse-chase experiments, together with lysosome (chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) and autophagic (3-methyladenine and Atg5 siRNA) antagonists. Inhibiting lysosomal and autophagic activities promoted endogenous PLN accumulation, whereas accelerating autophagy with metformin enhanced PLN degradation in CMNCs. This reduction in

PLN levels was functionally correlated with an increased rate of SERCA2a activity, accounting for CA4P ic50 an inotropic effect of metformin. Metabolic labeling reaffirmed that metformin promoted wild-type and R9C PLN degradation. Immunofluorescence

showed that PLN and the autophagy marker, microtubule light chain 3, became increasingly colocalized in response to chloroquine and bafilomycin treatments. Mechanistically, pentameric PLN was polyubiquitinylated at the K3 residue and this modification was required for p62-mediated selective autophagy trafficking. Consistently, attenuated autophagic flux in HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1-null mouse hearts was associated with increased PLN levels determined by immunoblots and immunofluorescence. Our study identifies a biological mechanism that traffics PLN to the lysosomes for degradation in mouse hearts.”
“Purpose\n\nEssential GW4869 purchase thrombocythemia (ET) manifests substantial interpatient heterogeneity in rates of thrombosis, hemorrhage, and disease transformation. Bone marrow histology reflects underlying disease activity in ET but many morphological features show poor reproducibility.\n\nPatients and Methods\n\nWe evaluated the clinical significance of bone marrow reticulin, a measure previously shown to have relatively high interobserver reliability, in a large, prospectively-studied cohort of ET patients.\n\nResults\n\nReticulin grade positively correlated with white blood cell (P = .05) and platelet counts (P = .0001) at diagnosis.

Recently, additional photosensitive cells implicated in nonvisual

Recently, additional photosensitive cells implicated in nonvisual light-dependent functions have been identified in the mammalian retina. A previously undescribed photopigment, melanopsin, underlies these photoresponses, and it has been proposed that its transduction mechanisms Ruboxistaurin TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor may be akin to the lipid-signaling scheme of invertebrate microvillar receptors, rather than the cyclic-nucleotide cascade of vertebrates. Melanopsin has an ancient origin in deuterostomia, and expresses in 2 morphologically distinct classes of cells in the neural tube of Amphioxus, the most basal extant chordate:

pigmented ocelli, and Joseph cells. However, to our knowledge, their physiology and alleged photosensitivity had never been investigated. We dissociated both types of cells, and conclusively

demonstrated by patch-electrode recoding that they are primary photoreceptors; their receptor potential is depolarizing, accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. The action spectrum peaks in the blue region, approximate to 470 nm, similar to the absorption of melanopsin in vitro. The light-dependent conductance rectifies inwardly; Na and Ca are differentially implicated in the 2 cell types. Fluorescence Ca imaging reveals that photostimulation rapidly mobilizes calcium from internal stores. Intracellular 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetate severely impairs the photoresponse, indicating that light-evoked Ca elevation is an important event in photoexcitation. These observations support the

P005091 nmr notion that the lineage of microvillar photoreceptors and its associated light-signaling pathway also evolved in the chordates. Thus, Joseph cells and pigmented ocelli of LY294002 nmr the Amphioxus may represent a link between ancestral rhabdomeric-like light sensors present in prebilaterians and the circadian photoreceptors of higher vertebrates.”
“Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which is a widely cultivated, important economic fruit crop with nutritive and medicinal importance, has emerged as a model horticultural crop in this post-genomic era. Apple cultivation is heavily dependent on climatic condition and is susceptible to several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, etc. Extensive research work has been carried out to standardize tissue culture protocols and utilize them in apple improvement. We review the in vitro shoot multiplication, rooting, transformation and regeneration methodologies in apple and tabulate various such protocols for easy reference. The utility and limitation of transgenesis in apple improvement have also been summarized. The concepts of marker-free plants, use of non-antibiotic resistance selectable markers, and cisgenic and intragenic approaches are highlighted. Furthermore, the limitations, current trends and future prospects of tissue culture-mediated biotechnological interventions in apple improvement are discussed.”
“Background: Thymoma is a rare malignancy of unknown etiology.

In addition, the presence of many microsatellites was a common fe

In addition, the presence of many microsatellites was a common feature of the 3′-UTR AR-13324 in vivo of HSP70-I genes in the Leishmania genus. Finally, we constructed dendrograms based

on global sequence alignments of the analyzed Leishmania species and strains, the results indicated that this particular region of HSP70 genes might be useful for species (or species complex) typing, improving for particular species the discrimination capacity of phylogenetic trees based on HSP70 coding sequences. Given the large size variation of the analyzed region between the Leishmania and Viannia subgenera, direct visualization of the PCR amplification product would allow discrimination between subgenera, and a HaeIII-PCR-RFLP analysis might be used for differentiating some

species within each subgenera.\n\nConclusions: Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that this region, which is readily amplified using a single pair of primers from both Old and New World Leishmania species, might be useful as a molecular marker for species discrimination.”
“The aim of the study was to examine age-related differences in the maximal power and height of rise of the body’s centre of mass, measured in the counter-movement jump (CMJ) and the spike jump (SPJ), between elite cadet, junior and senior female volleyball players. The study was conducted on elite cadet (n=39), junior Copanlisib manufacturer (n=8) and senior (n=23) female volleyball players. The maximal power and height of jumps were measured for CMJ and SPJ. Cadets had a significantly smaller maximal relative power output (40.92+/-8.10 W . kg(-1)) than junior (49.47+/-6.47 W kg(-1)) and senior (46.70+/-8.95 W . kg(-1)) volleyball players during SPJ. The height of rise of the centre of mass measured in CMJ and SPJ were similar between groups. Our research has shown that age-related differences VX770 were observed only in power output of SPJ. The differences between elite cadet, junior and senior female volleyball

players were not statistically significant in relation to height of jumps (both CMJ and SPJ), and maximal power in CMJ.”
“Immunosenescence, defined as the age-associated dysregulation and dysfunction of the immune system, is characterized by impaired protective immunity and decreased efficacy of vaccines. An increasing number of immunological, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that persistent Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with accelerated aging of the immune system and with several age-related diseases. However, current evidence on whether and how human CMV (HCMV) infection is implicated in immunosenescence and in age-related diseases remains incomplete and many aspects of CMV involvement in immune aging remain controversial.

The depigmenting abilities of chloroquine and quinine salicylate

The depigmenting abilities of chloroquine and quinine salicylate were assessed in a human skin equivalent model (MelanoDerm). Both compounds were considerably more effective than arbutin, a widely used lightening agent. Our results indicate

that quinolines may be useful agents for “cosmeceutical” skin lightening and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.”
“Apoptosis is mediated by an intracellular biochemical system that mainly includes proteins (procaspases, caspases, inhibitors, Bcl-2 protein family as well as substances released from mitochondrial intermembrane space). The dynamics of caspase activation and target cleavage in apoptosis induced by granzyme B in a single K562 cell was studied using a mathematical model of the dynamics of granzyme B-induced apoptosis developed in this work. Also the first application of optimization AG-120 inhibitor approach to determination of unknown kinetic

constants of biochemical apoptotic reactions was presented. The optimization approach involves solving of two problems: direct and inverse. Solving the direct optimization problem, we obtain the initial (baseline) concentrations of procaspases for known kinetic constants through conditional buy GSK1838705A minimization of a cost function based on the principle of minimum protein consumption by the apoptosis system. The inverse optimization problem is aimed at determination of unknown kinetic constants of apoptotic biochemical reactions proceeding from the condition that the optimal concentrations of procaspases resulting from the solution of the direct optimization problem coincide with the observed ones, that is, those determined by biochemical methods. The Multidimensional Index Method was used

to perform numerical solution of the inverse optimization problem. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background and Purpose: The recent technologic advances in the newer generation of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-202190.html flexible ureteroscopes have significantly enhanced the therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy of ureteroscopy. The purpose of our study was to assess ureteroscopy and lithotripsy of renal calculi without a safety wire, using the ureteroscope as the safety device.\n\nPatients and Methods: Medical records for patients undergoing ureteroscopy by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed from December 2006 to December 2009. Inclusion criteria for our study included all adult patients who underwent wireless flexible ureteroscopy for the management of renal calculi and had 1 month follow-up data.\n\nResults: Of the 568 patients who underwent ureteroscopy during this period, 268 patients met our study inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients undergoing wireless ureteroscopy was 33 years, and the mean body mass index was 33.1 kg/m(2). Mean stone diameter of the renal calculi treated was 12.0+/-5.9 mm.

Our hypothesis was that YAP and TAZ could be related to PM growth

Our hypothesis was that YAP and TAZ could be related to PM growth. We analyzed YAP and TAZ immunohistochemical expression in the giant and in ten usual size PMs in relation with tumor size and proliferation rate. YAP nuclear expression was remarkably higher in the giant PM in comparison with usual size PMs and statistically correlated, in a direct manner, with size and proliferation rate of PMs. Contrariwise, TAZ nuclear expression seemed

stochastic. Our findings suggest that YAP could play a role in PM growth.”
“Development of efficient microbial biofuel cells requires an ability to exploit interfacial electron transfer reactions to external electron acceptors, such as metal oxides; such reactions occur in the facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 through the catalytic HKI-272 activity PF-03084014 mw of the outer membrane decaheme c-type cytochrome MtrC. Central to the utility of this pathway to synthetic biology is an understanding of cellular mechanisms that

maintain optimal MtrC function, cellular localization, and renewal by degradation and resynthesis. In order to monitor trafficking to the outer membrane, and the environmental sensitivity of MtrC, we have engineered a tetracysteine tag (i.e., CCPGCC) at its C-terminus that permits labeling by the cell impermeable biarsenical fluorophore carboxy-FlAsH (CrAsH) of MtrC at the surface of living Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells. In comparison, the cell permeable reagent FLASH permits labeling buy PLX4032 of the entire population of MtrC,

including proteolytic fragments resulting from incorrect maturation. We demonstrate specific labeling by CrAsH of engineered MtrC (MtrC*) which is dependent on the presence of a functional type 2 secretion system (T2S), as evidenced by T2S system gspD or gspG deletion mutants which are incapable of CrAsH labeling. Under these latter conditions, MtrC* undergoes proteolytic degradation to form a large 35-38 kDa fragment; this degradation product is also resolved during normal turnover of the CrAsH-labeled MtrC protein. No MtrC protein is released into the medium during turnover, suggesting the presence of cellular turnover systems involving MtrC reuptake and degradation. The mature MtrC localized on the outer membrane is a long-lived protein, with a turnover rate of 0.043 h(-1) that is insensitive to O-2 concentration. Maturation of MtrC is relatively inefficient, with substantial rates of turnover of the immature protein prior to export to the outer membrane (i.e., 0.


“Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been s


“Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to exhibit potent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. One of

the mechanisms by which NSAIDs suppress tumorigenesis Cl-amidine is inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, we used a microarray system to study the change of expression profile of metastasis-related genes regulated by NS398, a NSAID and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. We found that several negative regulators of cell invasion, including secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), thrombospondin 3 (TSP-3), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) are upregulated by NS398. In addition, we demonstrated that upregulation of SPARC expression by NS398 in human lung cancer cells is mediated by promoter demethylation and associated with a decrease in DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression. This is the first report to show that NS398 can inhibit the expression of DNMT1 and 3b. Functional assay indicated that SPARC is a critical mediator for NS398 to inhibit cell invasion. Our results

provide new insights for the understanding of the anticancer actions of NSAIDs.”
“Long-term potentiation (LTP), considered the neurophysiological basis for learning and memory, is facilitated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an action more evident when LTP is evoked by weak theta-burst stimuli and dependent on co-activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R), which are CDK activation more expressed in aged rats. As theta-burst

stimuli also favor LTP in aged animals, we hypothesized that enhanced LTP in aging could be related to changes in neuromodulation by BDNF. The magnitude of CA1 LTP induced by a weak theta-burst stimuli delivered to the Schaffer collaterals was significantly higher in hippocampal slices taken from 36 to 38 and from 70 to 80-week-old rats, when compared with LTP magnitude in slices from 4 or 10 to 15-week-old rats; this enhancement does not impact in cognitive improvement as aged rats revealed an impairment on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory performance, as assessed by the Morris water maze tests. The scavenger for BDNF, TrkB-Fc, and the inhibitor of Trk phosphorylation, K252a, attenuated LTP in slices from 70 to 80-week-old rats, but not from 10 to 15-week-old rats. When exogenously added, JNK-IN-8 BDNF significantly increased LTP in slices from 4 and 10 to 15-week-old rats, but did not further increased LTP in 36 to 38 or 70 to 80-week-old rats. The effects of exogenous BDNF on LTP were prevented by the A(2A)R antagonist, SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine). These results indicate that the higher LTP magnitude observed upon aging, which does not translate into improved spatial memory performance, is a consequence of an increase in the tonic action of endogenous BDNF. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1823-1836; doi:10.

It also caused an increase in the ratio of

It also caused an increase in the ratio of learn more pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic protein,

which was associated with the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the increase in caspase activity. Resveratrol showed no effect on Fas, Fas ligand, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and p38 expression but down-regulated phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 expression. In addition, resveratrol was noted to trigger autophagic cell death through the increased expression of autophagy-related Atg5, Atg7, Atg9, and Atg12 proteins. These results suggest that resveratrol could be an important chemoprevention agent for hepatoma of hepatitis C virus infection.”
“A versatile approach is introduced for the synthesis of well-defined, biocompatible conjugates combining two-photon chromophores and hydrophilic multifunctional polymers synthesized by selleck products RAFT controlled radical polymerization. As an

illustration, two different classes of conjugates carrying multiple fluorophores (based on an anthracene moiety, Anth) or photosensitizers (based on a dibromobenzene moiety, DBB) along the polymer chain were elaborated for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications, respectively. In both cases, the polymer greatly improved the solubility in biorelevant media as well as the cell uptake. Anth conjugates provided high quality fluorescence microscopy images using both one- and two-photon excitation. DBB conjugates potently induced AS1842856 clinical trial the death of cancer cells upon photoactivation.”
“After extended implantation times, traditional intracortical neural probes exhibit a foreign-body reaction characterized by a reactive glial sheath that has been associated with increased system impedance and signal deterioration. Previously, we have proposed

that the local in vivo polymerization of an electronically and ionically conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), might help to rebuild charge transport pathways across the glial scar between the device and surrounding parenchyma (Richardson-Burns et al 2007 J. Neural Eng. 4 L6-13). The EDOT monomer can be delivered via a microcannula/electrode system into the brain tissue of living animals followed by direct electrochemical polymerization, using the electrode itself as a source of oxidative current. In this study, we investigated the long-term effect of local in vivo PEDOT deposition on hippocampal neural function and histology. Rodent subjects were trained on a hippocampus-dependent task, delayed alternation (DA), and implanted with the microcannula/electrode system in the hippocampus.