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39. Li J, Law HK, Lau YL, Chan GC: Differential damage and recovery of human mesenchymal stem cells after exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. Br J Haematol 2004, 127:326–334.CrossRefPubMed 40. Zimecki M, Artym J, Ryng S, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B: RM-11, an isoxazole derivative, accelerates restoration of the immune function in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Pharmacol Rep 2008, 60:183–189.PubMed 41. Leendertse M, Willems RJ, Giebelen IA, Roelofs JJ, Bonten MJ, Poll T: Neutrophils are essential for rapid clearance of Enterococcus faecium in mice. Infect Immun 2009,

77:485–491.CrossRefPubMed Selleckchem SB431542 42. Das D, Saha SS, Bishayi B: Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus: correlating production of catalase and superoxidase dismutase with levels of inflammatory cytokines. Inflam Res 2008, 57:340–349.CrossRef 43. Arditi M, Kabat W, Yogev R: Antibiotic-induced bacterial killing stimulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in whole blood. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:240–244.PubMed 44. Cui W, Lei MG, Silverstein R, Morrison DC: Differential modulation of the induction of inflammatory mediators by antibiotics in mouse macrophages in response to viable Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Endotoxin Res 2003, 9:225–236.CrossRefPubMed 45. Sawyer RG, Adamus RB, May AK, Rosenlof LK, Pruett Cediranib (AZD2171) TL: Anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody reduces mortality in the presence of antibiotic-induced tumor necrosis factor release. Arch Surg 1993, 128:73–77.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest except of AG and BWD who have pending patent application for preparation of S. aureus phages. Authors’ contributions ZM designed the experiments and prepared the manuscript. AJ participated in performing the experiments and was responsible for preparing figures and statistical evaluation. KM participated in performing experiments and preparation of data.

Plant Cell Environ 35:839–856PubMedCrossRef Uehlein N, p38 MAPK apoptosis Otto B, Hanson DT, Fischer M, McDowell N, Kaldenhoff R (2008) Function of

Nicotiana tabacum aquaporins as chloroplast gas pores challenges the concept of membrane CO2 permeability. Plant Cell 20:648–657PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Uehlein N, Otto B, selleck Eilingsfeld A, Itel F, Meier W, Kaldenhoff R (2012) Gas-tight triblock-copolymer membranes are converted to CO2 permeable by insertion of plant aquaporins. Sci Rep 2:538PubMedCentralPubMed Van Oosten JJM, Gerbaud A, Huijser C, Dijkwel PP, Chua NH, Smeekens SCM (1997) An Arabidopsis mutant showing reduced feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. Plant J 12:1011–1020PubMedCrossRef Von Caemmerer S, Evans JR (1991)

Determination of the average partial-pressure of CO2 in chloroplasts from leaves of several C3 plants. Aust J Plant Physiol 18:287–305CrossRef Warren CR (2008) Does growth temperature affect the temperature responses of photosynthesis and internal conductance to CO2? A test with Eucalyptus regnans. Tree Physiol 28:11–19PubMedCrossRef Warren CR, Adams MA (2006) Internal conductance does not scale with photosynthetic selleck screening library capacity: implications for carbon isotope discrimination and the economics of water and nitrogen use in photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ 29:192–201PubMedCrossRef Warren CR, Dreyer E, Adams MA (2003) Photosynthesis-Rubisco relationships in foliage of Pinus sylvestris in response to nitrogen supply and the proposed role of Rubisco and amino acids as nitrogen stores. Trees 17:359–366 Yamori W, Noguchi K, Terashima I (2006) Mechanisms of temperature acclimation of photosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 47:S4″
“Nearly 240 years after Joseph Priestley’s influential experiments

involving a mouse, a plant and a bell jar the need and desire to study photosynthesis and the environment has not diminished. In fact, it is well recognized that the relationship between photosynthesis and the environment is key to understanding 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl the health of our planet, in addition to providing clean air, water and food security across the globe. Although there is a wealth of information, scaling across time (femtosecond to gigayear) and space (angstrom to globe), on the response of photosynthesis to changing environmental conditions there is still much to be learned about the interaction between photosynthetic processes and the environment in which it happens. In fact this has never been truer as our planet’s climate changes at unprecedented rates and the population of humankind continues to grow (both in number and girth).

g. step aerobics and intermittent jogging) is more appropriate for those not used to exercising and those over

50 years of age. In patients with osteoporosis, it is advised that any form of strength training should be site specific (i.e. targeting areas such as the muscle groups Linsitinib price around the hip, quadriceps, dorsi/plantar flexors, wrist extensors and back extensors). Weight-bearing exercises should be targeted to loading bone sites predominantly affected by osteoporotic fracture. In all patients, these exercise programmes should start at an easy level and be progressive in terms of intensity and impact. Obviously, the persistence to regular exercise and physical activity is of primary importance.   Lifestyle Epidemiological

studies have identified a large number of risk factors for osteoporotic fracture. XMU-MP-1 clinical trial These can be risk factors related to bone strength, i.e. bone density, geometry and/or quality, or factors independent of bone strength, essentially related to risk for falls (one for review). Amongst the identified risk factors only some are potentially modifiable. Such risk factors that can be Wnt inhibitor considered as somehow related to lifestyle are listed in Table 1. Table 1 Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures related to lifestyle Risk factor Related to bone strength, falls, other? Dietary  Low body weight Bone strength  Overweight, obesity (?) Bone strength, (other?)  Low calcium intake Bone strength, (falls?)  High sodium intake Bone strength  Excess caffeine intake Bone strength  Excessive use of cola drinks Bone strength Others  Excessive alcohol intake Bone strength, falls  Smoking Bone strength, other (?)  Low sun exposure Bone strength, falls  Use of hypnotic and sedative drugs Falls  Inappropriate housing conditions Falls  Physical inactivity Bone strength, falls Low body weight or low BMI is a well-recognized

risk factor for fracture, whereas overweight and obesity have generally been considered as protective [79, 80]. However, recent evidence tends to challenge this view and suggests that increased adiposity and obesity, which has been associated with higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and in some GBA3 studies also of secondary hyperparathyroidism [81, 82], can have a negative impact on indices of bone strength and possibly on fracture risk [83–87]. Albeit the available evidence thus suggests that a lifestyle that helps maintaining a more ideal body weight is beneficial for bone health, presently there is no evidence that interventions aimed at gaining or losing weight in thin and obese persons, respectively, can reduce fracture risk. In fact, weight loss in obese subjects has been associated with increased bone loss [88].

Figure 1 X-ray abdominal film on admission, showing distended small bowel loops and gas-fluid Selleck FHPI levels. Figure 2 Enteroclysis showing multiple and dilated jejunal diverticula.

The patient underwent laparotomy on day 9 after admission. Upon exploration, we found diffuse and giant jejunal diverticula with rare signs of diverticulitis (Figure 3, Figure 4). A 80 cm jejunal resection and an end-to-end anastomosis were carried out. A cholecystectomy was also performed. Figure 3 Intraoperative findings. Multiple giant diverticula arising at the mesenteric border of the jejunum. Figure 4 Intraoperative findings. Multiple giant diverticula arising at the mesenteric border of the jejunum. The patient’s post operative course was uneventful. Pathology report described large Go6983 diverticula and rare focus of diverticulitis. During 24-months follow-up, the patient was symptoms free. Discussion Diverticulosis of the small bowel is a rare disease with variable clinical presentations and often incidentally discovered during radiological investigations. The disease was first described by Sommering in 1794 and later by Astley Cooper in 1809. Gordinier and Shil performed the first operation for diverticula in 1906 [1, 2]. Jejunoileal diverticula (excluding Meckel’s diverticulum) are pseudodiverticula, resulting from a mucosal and submucosal herniation through the

muscular layer of the bowels’ wall in places of minor resistance to the intraluminal pressure such as the anatomic points where blood vessels penetrate the intestinal wall [2]. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html The etiology is unclear. Krishnamurthy et al. [3] focused on abnormalities of the smooth muscles or of the myenteric plexus in order to explain intestinal dyskinesia. Kongara et al. [4] performed manometric studies of the small bowel 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase and described functional abnormalities in patient with small bowel diverticula. These facts support the hypothesis that irregular intestinal contractions generate increased segmental intraluminal

pressure, favoring the diverticula formation through the weakest point of the bowel. A connection between intestinal diverticulosis and rare neuromuscular disorders such as Cronkhite-Canada syndrome [5], Fabry’s disease [6] and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy [7] has been described. Diffuse gastrointestinal giant diverticulosis with perforation and malabsorpion associated with giant jejunal diverticula in Elhers-Danlos syndrome have also been reported [8, 9]. Progressive systemic sclerosis often involves the gastrointestinal tract and constitutes a characteristic example of proven dysmotility and acquired origin of the jejunoileal diverticulosis. Manometric studies, performed in patients with the disease, demonstrated intestinal dysmotility in 88% of the cases examined [10]. Weston et al. [11] reported an important incidence of small bowel dilation and diverticula (42%) in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis.

Authors’ contributions TW synthesized, characterized, and interpreted the data of the SWNTs, as well as drafted the initial version of the manuscript. ESS had the original idea of the project, contributed to the experimental

setup, interpreted the data, and drafted the final manuscript with TW. TY contributed with the experimental setup and transport measurements of the SWNTs. YT coordinated the project and supervised TW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background selleck inhibitor Nanotechnology is a promising field for generating new types of nanomaterials with biomedical applications [1]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted significant interest among the emerging nanoproducts because of their unique properties and increasing use for various applications in nanomedicine. Silver, in the form of silver nitrate or silver sulfadiazine, has been long used for the treatment of bacterial infections associated with burns and wounds because of its antibacterial properties [2]. Numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods have been developed for the synthesis of AgNPs. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles using PI3K inhibitor conventional physical and chemical methods has check details a low yield, and it is difficult to prepare AgNPs with

a well-defined size [3]. Furthermore, chemical methods make use of toxic-reducing agents, such as citrate, borohydride, or other organic compounds, and can negatively impact the environment. Because the control of particle size and shape is an important factor for various biomedical 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase applications, the use of biological methods to synthesize AgNPs is an environmentally

friendly alternative. These methods involve synthesizing AgNPs using bacterial proteins that can exert control over the shape, size, and monodispersity of the nanoparticles by varying parameters such as the type of microorganism, growth stage, growth medium, synthesis conditions, pH, substrate concentrations, temperature, and reaction time [4]. The conventional methods like physical and chemical such as laser ablation, pyrolysis, lithography, chemical vapour deposition, sol-gel techniques, and electro-deposition for synthesis of nanoparticles seem to be very expensive and hazardous. Further, the procedure involves various reactants, in particularly reducing agents (eg., sodium borohydride or potassium bitartrate or methoxypolyethylene glycol or hydrazine) and also it requires a stabilizing agent such as sodium dodecyl benzyl sulfate or polyvinyl pyrrolidone to prevent the agglomeration of metallic nanoparticles. Although many methods are available for the synthesis of nanoparticles, there is an increasing need to develop simple, cost effective, high-yield, and environmentally friendly procedures. Therefore, it is essential to look for alternative green methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles [4, 5].

[27]. PCR reaction mixtures (50 μl) contained 1× PCR buffer (ThermoPol reaction buffer, New England Biolabs, Inc., Pickering, Ontario, Canada), 200 μM of each dNTPs, 0.5 μM of each forward and reverse primers, 4% (v v-1) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 2.5 units of Taq polymerase (New England Biolabs, Inc.), and an appropriate amount of template DNA. The 1× Compound C order PCR buffer (pH 8.8) is composed of 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM MgSO4, and 0.1% (v v-1) Triton X-100. PCR amplification program consisted of preheating at 94°C for 4 min and 30 cycles of denaturing (94°C, 30 sec), annealing (56°C, 30 sec),

and extension (72°C, 2 min) followed by final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The DGGE analysis of PCR amplicons was performed using the Bio-Rad DCode Universal Mutation Detection System (Bio-Rad Canada, Mississauga, ON, Canada). The amplicons were separated in 10% polyacrylamide (acrylamide/bisacrylamide 35.7:0.8) gels containing a 35 to 65% gradient of urea and formamide increasing screening assay in the direction of electrophoresis. A 100% denaturing solution consisted of 7 M urea and 40% (v v-1) deionized formamide. The electrophoresis was conducted in 1× TAE buffer with 100 V at 60°C for 16 hr. DNA bands in gels were visualized by silver staining [28]. The number of DNA bands, including the presence and density, were

used to determine the richness of bacterial populations. The LY2606368 nmr BioNumerics software (version 3.0, Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) was used for similarity analyses of the profiles as described previously [29]. Extraction and quantification of DON and DOM-1 The detailed Protirelin procedures of DON extraction and quantification were described previously [20]. Briefly, DON was extracted from a bacterial culture using acetonitrile. The extracts were dissolved in methanol/water (1:1 in volume) and filtered through

a C18 SPE cartridge (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). The extracts were analyzed for DON and DOM-1 by injecting 20 μl aliquot into an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) followed by detection with a ThermoFinnigan SpectraSystem UV6000LP detector and a ThermoFinnigan LCQ Deca MS spectrometer. The MS was operated in the positive APCI mode. DON or DOM-1 were quantified on the basis of integrated peak areas using absorbance units (UV) at 218 nm or multiple ion counts (MS) at m/z 231, 249, 267, 279, and 297 for DON and m/z 215, 233, 245, 251, 263, and 281 for DOM-1. These values were compared against UV and MS values taken from calibration curves of authentic DON and DOM-1. The ratio of DON to DOM-1 transformation was calculated as: Transformation ratio = (DOM-1)/(DON + DOM-1) × 100. Selection of DON-transforming bacterial isolates An integrated approach was designed to select DON-transforming bacterial isolates from intestinal digesta samples (Fig. 2).

The average learn more molecular weight is about 8,500 kD Selleckchem Torin 1 (Fig. 1). The term “poloxamer” generically applies to the different triblock copolymers made by varying the lengths of the polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene blocks. The copolymers are commonly named with the letter “P” (for poloxamer)

followed by three digits, the first two digits × 300 give the approximate molecular mass of the polyoxypropylene core, and the last digit × 10 gives the percentage polyoxyethylene content (e.g., P188 indicates a polyoxypropylene molecular mass of 5,400 g/mol and 80 % polyoxyethylene content). Fig. 1 Chemical formula for poloxamer 188 (P188). With n = 80 and m = 27, P188 has a calculated molecular weight of 8,624 kD P188 binds to damaged cell membranes buy MEK162 in areas of decreased lipid density, promoting stability and restoring membrane barrier function [1, 2]. In addition to these direct effects on membrane integrity, P188 has been shown to almost completely prevent lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+ and H2O2 [3]. P188 binding serves to maintain the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids within cell membranes, preventing the “flip-flopping” and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, without

which the initiation of coagulation or the recognition process leading to the clearance of apoptotic cells is blocked [4]. Stopping transmembrane phospholipid redistribution is also known to hinder red blood cell transformation to echinocytes (i.e., echinocytosis) and release of membrane microparticles (i.e., microvesiculation) [5]. Membrane-bound

P188 also reduces surface tension and hydrophobic-based cellular adherence, which can hinder the free movement of blood cells within the vasculature and initiate thrombotic and inflammatory cascades [6, 7]. Video microscopy demonstrates that P188 improves the elastic properties of red blood cells, improving their deformability and increasing their ability to pass through small channels often smaller than the red blood cell diameter [8]. Its biophysical properties also account for its widespread use as a surfactant in the preparation of nanoparticles and micelles to transduce various payloads into cells [9, 10]. An accumulating number of studies suggest that P188 has O-methylated flavonoid potential clinical utility, particularly in conditions characterized by poor microvascular blood flow or where cellular function may be compromised by a damaged cell membrane [11–14]. P188 exhibits clinically desirable hemorheologic properties, reducing blood viscosity [15, 16] and red blood cell aggregation [17, 18]. When used in combination with tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase, it markedly increases fibrinolysis [19, 20]. In models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), P188 reduced the infarct size by 40–50 % and improved the left ventricular ejection fraction by about 30 % [21, 22].

This strain was used as receptor to select transconjugants carrying the Tn5mob-labeled pSym of

GR64 (CFN2001-1), the Tn5mob-labeled pSym of GR64 and Tn5-GDYN-labeled pRet42a of R. etli CFN42 (CFN2001-2), and both plasmids of GR64 (CFN2001-3). Other derivatives carried either pSfr64a::Tn5-GDYN or pSfr64b::Tn5mob in Agrobacterium strain GMI9023 genomic background. Plasmid profiles Plasmid profiles were visualized by the Eckhardt technique [38], as modified by Hynes and McGregor [39]. Filter blot hybridization and plasmid visualization For Southern-type hybridizations [40], Eckhardt type gels, or 1% agarose gels where restricted DNA was electrophoresed, were blotted onto nylon membranes, and hybridized under stringent conditions, as previously reported [41], by using Rapid-hyb buffer. Probes were linearized by digesting them with Selleck VX 809 appropriate restriction enzymes and were labeled with [α32P]dCTP by using VEGFR inhibitor a Rediprime DNA labeling system. All restriction endonucleases, [α -32P]dCTP, hybridization buffer, and labeling systems were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Nodulation assays Overnight cultures were used to inoculate surface-sterilized Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Negro Jamapa seeds. Plants were grown in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with Fahraeus agar medium [42], without added nitrogen, at 28°C. Nodulation was scored at day 15 after inoculation. Surface-sterilized nodules were crushed on PY plates,

and the plasmid pattern of single colonies was checked on Eckhardt type gels. Amplification and sequencing of recA, rpoB, and nifH gene fragments Partial nifH, recA and rpoB fragments were amplified with the primer pairs nifH40F/nifH817R, recA41F/recA640R and rpoB454F/rpoB 1364R as previously Sulfite dehydrogenase described [43, 44]. All amplifications were performed with Taq polymerase (USB-Amersham). Amplification products were purified

using Roche’s PCR product purification system. Both strands were commercially sequenced by Macrogen, Korea. Phylogenetic inference Reference nifH, recA, rpoB and repB sequences were retrieved via BLASTP searches from a locally maintained BLAST RG7420 clinical trial database containing all fully sequenced Rhizobiales genomes, and via remote BLASTP searches against NCBI’s non-redundant database. The query sequences for nifH, recA and rpoB used in the BLASTP searches were those obtained from the sequenced PCR amplicons from strain GR64, while that of repB was obtained from the sequence of pSfr64a. Nucleotide sequences were translated and aligned using muscle 3.7 [45]. The resulting protein multiple sequence alignments were used as masks to generate the underlying codon alignments using custom Perl scripts. Models of nucleotide substitution were selected by the Akaike information criterion (AIC), using MODELTEST3.7 [46]. Among-site rate variation was modelled by a gamma distribution, approximated with 4 rate categories, each category being represented by its mean.

[6–11], ZnO may achieve new properties and become a technological key material, its nanostructures representing an interesting choice for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic micro/nanodevices. Furthermore, morphology influences other properties such as wettability, another significant selleck compound characteristic of ZnO-covered surfaces bringing great advantages in a wide variety of applications [12–15]. Recently, special attention has been paid to superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces with high water adhesion [16–18]. The polymorphic properties of ZnO low-dimensional structures triggered different functionalities

and therefore enabled different applications. This led to an increased interest in developing new ZnO synthesis methods by various physical (pulsed laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, thermal evaporation) and chemical (chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, precipitation) techniques

[19–24]. Compared to the physical route where harsh conditions such as high temperature or special equipments are usually required and consequently generating high costs, the solution-based chemical approach presents several advantages including the following: easily accessible raw materials, the use of inexpensive equipment, scalability, and control of the morphologies and properties of the final products by changing different experimental parameters. When using low-cost and highly efficient methods, like chemical bath deposition Foretinib ic50 for obtaining desired morphologies, the preparation technique is more and more attractive for mass production. When designing Amobarbital electronic or optoelectronic micro/nanodevices based on ZnO, a patterning technique such as electron-beam lithography or photolithography is combined with a ZnO preparation method, e.g., hydrothermal growth or

chemical bath deposition in order to achieve functionality [25–29]. Photolithography is a conventional patterning approach representing a highly efficient and cost-effective technique of producing metallic electrodes, yielding large patterned surfaces in a short time. On the other hand, the chemical bath deposition is a versatile deposition method with the following main advantages: relatively low process temperature (below 100°C), ambient pressure processing, and the use of inexpensive equipments. In the present paper, this simple and inexpensive solution process was used to grow ZnO rods quasi-monodispersed in size on Au-patterned SiO2/Si substrate obtained by photolithography. The influence of the reaction parameters, such as reactants’ concentration and reaction time, on the morphological, Veliparib structural, and optical properties of the ZnO rods was studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. In addition, the electrical and the wetting properties of ZnO network rods were investigated.

Although there were some see more reports about encapsulating camptothecin in nanoparticles as a potential antiproliferative treatment for cancer before, this study is the first research that encapsulated camptothecin with N-trimethyl chitosan by combination of microprecipitation and sonication, and examined

it in a mouse melanoma MI-503 clinical trial model. Using this feasible model, we can investigate the local tumor growth inhibition by CPT-TMC. Tumor blood vessels apt to expand compared with physiological vessels. The rapidly expanding tumor vasculature often has a discontinuous endothelium, with gaps between the cells that may be several hundred nanometers large [27, 28]. We encapsulated camptothecin with N-trimethyl chitosan, and the nanoparticles may be targeted to the particulate region of capillary endothelium. Nanoparticles loaded with anticancer agents can successfully increase drug concentration in cancer tissues and decrease drug concentration in other

normal tissues, and then enhance anti-tumor efficacy and improve the safety of CPT. N-trimethyl chitosan can provide controlled and targeted delivery of camptothecin with better efficacy. The effect of CPT-TMC on B16-F10 cells was explored in vitro. Results showed that both CPT-TMC and CPT significantly inhibited B16-F10 cells proliferation and induced apoptosis while TMC showed no similar effect. No significant difference was found in the selleck chemicals MTT assay between CPT and CPT-TMC. The possible reason for the lack of difference is that the pharmacologically important lactone ring of camptothecin is unstable in the presence of serum albumin which results in the conversion of the active drug to the inactive carboxylate form bound to albumin while there is no serum albumin in vitro to do so. In an attempt to overcome the disadvantage we encapsulated camptothecin with N-trimethyl

chitosan and the results showed that camptothecin nanoparticle is superiority in vivo rather than in vitro. We applied the CPT-TMC on a mouse melanoma model. As expected, CPT-TMC efficiently inhibited the growth of B16-F10 cancer Bay 11-7085 xenografts, and significantly prolonged the survival time of the treated mice, while CPT only partially inhibited tumor growth. It may be explained that there was a temporary high serum but low intratumor levels of CPT because of nonselective expression and subsequent elimination. CPT-TMC showed significant suppression of tumor growth with the drug administered in the dose and schedule under the conditions of our study, causing no gross toxicity of the animals. In contrast, there was no significant difference in tumor volume and survival time between TMC-treated and NS-treated mice. Hence, CPT-TMC is a more tumor-specific approach, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy on tumor. To elucidate the anti-tumor mechanism of CPT-TMC in vivo, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis were systematically analyzed.