could be answered

with our results and without the need of another long-term longitudinal study. For Dorsomorphin in vitro example, in our study, we found an increase in the bone mineral density and in the total bone and calcium content in all skeletal areas with each delivery which could be considered a “gestational bone mass peak” analogous to the bone mass peak observed during puberty [3]. Finally, to address another of their limitations, we have also found that lactation up to 48 months does not have a long-term adverse effect in bone health [4]. By comparing the results of the studies above, we confirm the importance of well-designed cross-sectional studies as an early and reliable source of information that could help in designing

disease prevention programs while gaining 10 years in the process. References 1. Kauppi M, Heliovaara M, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Jula A (2011) Parity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 22:1765–1771CrossRef 2. Cure-Cure C, Cure-Ramirez P (2001) Hormone replacement therapy for bone protection in multiparous women: when to initiate it. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184(4):580–583PubMedCrossRef 3. Cure-Cure C, Cure-Ramirez P, Teran E, Lopez-Jaramillo P (2002) Bone-mass peak in LXH254 concentration multiparity and reduced risk of bone fractures in menopause. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 76(3):285–291PubMedCrossRef 4. Cure-Cure C, Ramirez PC, Lopez-Jaramillo P (1998) Osteoporosis, pregnancy and lactation. Lancet 352(9135):1227–1228CrossRef”
“Introduction Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting more than 2 million individuals G418 solubility dmso in the USA [1, 2]. Because the population is aging and age 65 or greater is a strong risk factor for AF, the prevalence of AF is expected to increase to nearly 16 million cases by 2050 [2]. Extrapolation from Framingham cohort data suggests one in four adults will experience at least one episode of AF in their lifetime

[3]. Bisphosphonates are the most widely used class of drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Black et al. [4] reported an increased risk of serious atrial fibrillation (AF) adverse experiences (SAEs) in a study of once-yearly intravenous zoledronic acid for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In that PDK4 study, the number of participants with AF SAEs was significantly greater with zoledronic acid than with placebo [50 (1.3%) vs. 20 (0.5%) participants, p < 0.001]. As noted in a letter to the editor by Cummings et al., published concurrently, there was a nominally but not significantly increased risk of AF SAEs with alendronate, an oral bisphosphonate, for participants in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) [Relative Risk (RR) = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.97, 2.40, p = 0.07 for AF SAEs for alendronate compared with placebo; RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.83, 1.57, p = 0.42 for all (serious and non-serious) AF AEs] [5].

The 243 individuals experienced a total of 266 clinical malaria attacks (mean = 1.09, 95%CI: 0.88-1.30). The number of clinical malaria attacks experienced per individual varied from 0 (140 individuals) to 7 (1 individual). Recordings of the entomological inoculation rate indicated a mean of 170 infected bites/person during this time period. Twenty-nine percent of the seronegative individuals (with check details no detected anti-MSP1 block2 antibodies) experienced a clinical attack during that period, P505-15 mw compared

with 15% of individuals with anti-block2 antibodies. Using a Poisson regression model, the crude estimates of the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) of malaria attacks associated with the presence of antibodies to one allelic family Silmitasertib mouse or ≥ 2 families (no antibodies as reference group) were 0.55 (95%CI: 0.38-0.80) and 0.21 (95%CI: 0.08-0.58),

respectively (P < 0.0001). In a multivariate Poisson regression analysis, this association was independent of haemoglobin type or ethnic group. However, it was confounded by age, i.e. within the age groups, there was no significant association between the incidence of clinical malaria attacks and the number of MSP1 block2 allelic families recognized. Analysis of the response during a high transmission season To study the impact of novel infections during the transmission season on the humoral response to MSP1 block2, we investigated the fingerprick blood samples collected from 25 seropositive individuals throughout the high transmission season. By the end of December 1998, namely five months after the cross-sectional sampling, the anti-MSP1 block2 antibody level was reduced by ≥ 2-fold in 15 subjects (59%), had varied less than 2-fold in 9 individuals (36%) (typical profiles are shown in Figure 8 upper and middle panel, respectively) and was ≥ 2-fold higher in one

individual (Figure 8, lower panel). Importantly, when a Baf-A1 nmr change was observed, it concerned the intensity of the reaction but not its specificity. In other words, responding individuals usually reacted with the same pool(s) and within the pool(s) with the same individual peptide(s) before and after the transmission season. In none of the studied individuals were novel antibody specificities stably acquired during that time period, despite an elevated infection rate. Figure 8 Typical profiles of the temporal evolution of MSP1 block2- specific IgG before and after the 1998 rainy season. Antibodies were assayed from 25 individuals in August 1998 (yellow) and December 1998, i.e. after a rainy season when each inhabitant was exposed to a mean of 170 infected bites. Anti-MSP1 block2 specific IgG was assessed by ELISA on 16 pools of biotinylated peptides.

Mol Microbiol 2009, 71:1250–1262.PubMedCrossRef 32. Morris AR, Visick KL: The response regulator SypE controls biofilm formation and colonization through phosphorylation of

the syp-encoded regulator selleckchem SypA in Vibrio fischeri . Mol Microbiol 2013, 87:509–525.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 33. Quin MB, Berrisford JM, Newman JA, Baslé A, Lewis RJ, Marles-Wright J: The bacterial stressosome: a modular system that has been adapted to control secondary messenger signaling. Structure 2012, 20:350–363.PubMedCrossRef 34. Parashar A, Colvin KR, Bignell DRD, Leskiw BK: BldG and SCO3548 interact antagonistically to control key developmental processes in Streptomyces coelicolor . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:2541–2550.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 35. Anthony JR, Newman JD, Donohue TJ: Interactions between the Rhodobacter sphaeroides ECF sigma factor, σ E , and its anti-sigma factor, ChrR. J Mol Biol 2004, 341:345–360.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 36. Green HA, Donohue TJ: Activity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides RpoH II , a second

member of the heat shock sigma factor family. J Bacteriol 2006, 188:5712–5721.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 37. Karls RK, Brooks J, Rossmeissl P, Luedke J, Donohue TJ: Metabolic roles of a Rhodobacter sphaeroides APR-246 supplier member of the σ 32 family. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:10–19.PubMedCentralPubMed 38. MacGregor BJ, Karls RK, Donohue TJ: Transcription of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cycA P1 promoter by alternate RNA polymerase holoenzymes. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:1–9.PubMedCentralPubMed 39. Nuss AM, Glaeser J, Berghoff BA, Klug G: click here Overlapping alternative sigma factor regulons in the response to singlet oxygen in Rhodobacter sphaeroides . J Bacteriol 2010, 192:2613–2623.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 40. Nuss AM, Glaeser J, Klug G: RpoH II activates oxidative-stress defense systems and is controlled by RpoE in the singlet oxygen-dependent

response in Rhodobacter sphaeroides . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:220–230.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 41. Alias A, Cejudo FJ, Chabert J, Willison JC, Vignais PM: Nucleotide during sequence of wild-type and mutant nifR4 ( ntrA ) genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus : identification of an essential glycine residue. Nucleic Acids Res 1989, 17:5377.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 42. Cullen PJ, Foster-Hartnett D, Gabbert KK, Kranz RG: Structure and expression of the alternative sigma factor, RpoN, in Rhodobacter capsulatus ; physiological relevance of an autoactivated nifU2-rpoN superoperon. Mol Microbiol 1994, 11:51–65.PubMedCrossRef 43. Jones R, Haselkorn R: The DNA sequence of the Rhodobacter capsulatus ntrA , ntrB and ntrC gene analogs required for nitrogen fixation. Mol Gen Genet 1989, 215:507–516.PubMedCrossRef 44. Wall JD, Weaver PF, Gest H: Gene transfer agents, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata . Arch Microbiol 1975, 105:217–224.PubMedCrossRef 45. Beatty JT, Gest H: Generation of succinyl-coenzyme A in photosynthetic bacteria.

O28 Myeloma Cell Survival and Importance of Crosstalk between Notch1-Jagged2 and CD28-B7 learn more pathways in Dendritic Cells Chandana Koorella 1 , Jayakumar Nair1, Sanjay Bansal1, Louise Carlson1, Pushpankur Ghoshal2, Kelvin Lee1 1 Department Of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA, 2 Department Of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA Multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of bone marrow resident plasma cells characterized by a critical interaction between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells, which produce IL-6, supporting myeloma cell survival. However, see more the

molecular and cellular components involved in myeloma induced IL-6 production remain largely uncharacterized. At the cellular level, dendritic cells (DC) in the bone marrow microenvironment and at the molecular level the CD28-B7 and Notch1-Jagged2 pathways were separately implicated by us in myeloma induced IL-6 production. While Notch signaling leading to IL-6 production in DC is well understood, the mechanism of “backsignaling” Ruxolitinib via B7, a ligand with a short cytoplasmic

tail, is largely uncharacterized. To gain insight into B7 signaling, DC were stimulated with CD28Ig in the presence or absence of an inhibitor of Notch signaling, gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI). DC treated with CD28Ig alone produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 when compared to DC treated with CD28Ig and GSI. GSI specifically targeted Notch signaling as observed by decreased expression of Notch gene targets: Hes1 and Deltex4. Also, decreased IL-6 levels in presence of GSI were not due to the decrease in B7 expression on DC. To specifically implicate the importance of Notch1 and Jagged2,

we blocked them using antibodies and observed a similar decrease in IL-6 production upon blocking Notch1 signaling. Our results suggest that CD28 mediated IL-6 production is dependent on Notch1 signaling and crosstalk between the Notch1-Jagged2 and CD28-B7 pathways leads to IL-6 production by DC. We are examining a potential direct/ indirect mechanism of crosstalk in myeloma induced IL-6 production. Targeting IL-6 induced by crosstalk between these two pathways prompts not only clinical evaluation SB-3CT to improve MM patient outcome but also extends to advancing knowledge in T-cell biology. O29 Interleukin-18-Dependent Genes of Highly Metastatic Human Melanoma Olatz Crende 1 , Marianna Sabatino2, Maria Valcarcel3, Ena Wang2, Francesco M. Marincola2, Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha1 1 Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Basque Country University School of Medicine, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain, 2 Department of Transfusion Medicine, Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 3 Pharmakine SL, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Because immune-stimulating effects of interleukin (IL)-18 have anti-neoplastic properties, IL-18 has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy against cancer.

Among the chemokines, the most interesting chemokine-receptor pair is the CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and its lone ligand, CXC chemokine ligand-12 (CXCL12). Muller demonstrated that CXCR4 is consistently expressed in human breast cancer cells, malignant breast tumor and metastasis tumors, while its ligand CXCL12 is preferentially expressed in the lungs, liver, bone

marrow, and lymph nodes [2]. Thus, it can be deduced that the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis may be associated with the metastasis of breast cancer cells to the lungs, liver, bone, and lymph nodes. Unlike PAK inhibitor CXCL12, however, CC chemokine ligand-21 (CCL21) – the ligand for CC chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) – is highly expressed in the lymph nodes of breast cancer patients [5]. Thus, the CCR7-CCL21 axis can be said to assume an important role in lymph node metastasis

[6]. In this study, the expression of both CXCR4 and CCR7 is combined to evaluate their contribution in the lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. The importance of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal buy JSH-23 growth factor receptor2 (HER-2/neu) has been established in the prognosis of breast cancer. Recently, several studies have revealed the crosstalk between CXCR4 and EGFR or HER-2/neu through transactivation by the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. This study aims to verify the significance of CXCR4, CCR7 and their CXCL12 and CCL21 ligands, together with EGFR in the evaluation of metastasis

and the prognosis of breast cancer. Methods Patient selection and clinical data The study group was composed of 200 specimens selected from 284 cases (84 cases were excluded owing to the absence of follow-up status) of female primary invasive duct breast cancer cases diagnosed between January 1997 and December 2004 at the General Hospital Ureohydrolase of Tianjin Medical University. Patients’ records were retrieved and clinical data, histopathological record, and treatment information were all reviewed. All patients had not been subjected to chemotherapy and radiotherapy prior to surgical resection but had received chemotherapy following surgical operation. Follow-up information from all the patients were obtained by the authors themselves in August 2009 through visits or telephone interviews with either the patients or their relatives. Mean follow-up time was 88 months, ranging from 5 to 150 months. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor materials and their lymph node tissues were acquired from the Department of Pathology of Tianjin Medical University’s General Hospital. Tumor diameter, pathologic stage, and nodal status were selected from the primary pathology reports. All slides were reviewed by two pathologists to define histological types and grades. Construction of TSA HDAC order tissue microarray Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples stored at the Department of Pathology of Tianjin General Hospital.

These cultures were incubated at

30°C with vigorous shaking, and at time 0, 36 and 54 hrs, 1 ml culture was centrifuged. The supernatant was used for HPLC with an Elite LaChrom system (Hitachi). The samples were filtered with PALL Life Science Acrodisc 13 mm syringe filters with 0.2 μm nylon membranes, and analyzed with 5 mM H2S04 mobile phase filtered with Gelman Sciences Nylaflo 47 mm 0.45 μm nylon membrane filter paper, degassed and at 0.5 mL/min flowrate for 35 mins with Biorad -Aminex HPX-87H column (300 × 7.8). The column temperature was maintained at 60°C, and the RI detector maintained Ralimetinib at 50°C. RNA isolation and Reverse Transcription-PCR Total cellular RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA samples were treated

with RNase-free DNase I (Ambion) to digest residual chromosomal DNA and purified with RNeasy Kit (Qiagen) prior to spectrophotometric quantification at 260 nm. For RT-PCR, 0.1 μg RNA template was used in a Superscript One-step RT-PCR kit (Invitrogen) as recommended by the manufacturer. The primers used were ryhB-F2 and R2, control 1-6 F and R Vactosertib in vitro (Table 2). 5′- and 3′-RACE assays RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) experiments were carried out essentially as described [19]. For 5′ RACE, the 5′-triphosphates of 15 μg total RNAs were converted to monophosphates by 25 units of tobacco acid pyrophosphatase (Epicentre Technologies) at 37°C for 1 hr, followed by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Precipitated RNA was resuspended in water and ligated to 500 pmol 5′- RNA adapter (Table 2). The ligated product was purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, and reverse transcribed with 2 pmol sRNA-specific primer RyhB-R3 using the Thermoscript RT system (Invitrogen). The product was amplified by PCR, cloned into a pCR2.1 TOPO vector (Invitrogen)

and sequenced. 3′-RACE assays were performed similarly to 5′-RACE, except that total RNA was dephosphorylated by calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (New England until Biolabs), ligated to a 3′-RNA adapter (Table 2) and reverse transcribed with 100 pmol of a single primer complementary to the 3′-RNA adapter. Quantitative RT-PCR The cDNA template for RT-PCR was synthesized in a 10 μl final reaction volume containing 3 μg of total RNA, 3 μg random primers (Invitrogen), 0.5 μM dNTPs, 10 mM DTT, 1 × this website first-strand buffer and 100 U of Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). After incubation at 42°C for 2 hours, the reaction was diluted five fold in H2O and stored at -80°C. Quantitative RT-PCR was carried out in an iCycler thermal cycler (Bio-Rad) in a 30 μl reaction mixture containing 15 μl iQ SYBR supermix (Molecular Probes), 1 μl cDNA template, and 160 nM forward and reverse primers. Primers were designed using the program Omiga 2.0 (Oxford Molecular) to yield a PCR product of ~100 bp in length (Table 2).

For dilute GNR sols, the GNR assemblies demonstrated an island structure after deposition on a silicon wafer and drying in air (see,

for example, Additional file 1: Figure S2). It should be emphasized that the plasmonic properties of single GNRs and GNR assemblies Selleckchem AZD8931 differ substantially because of the strong electromagnetic coupling between neighboring particles [62] (Additional file 1: Figure S3). It follows from Additional file 1: Figure S3 that the interaction of particles in dense films leads to the broadening and red shifting of the principal longitudinal dipole resonance and reduction of its magnitude. What is more, there emerge minor resonances due to the higher (nondipole) modes of plasmonic excitations. selleck screening library The abovementioned sudden change in the plasmon spectra of films formed from nanorods is a negative factor from the standpoint of SERS applications. Note for comparison that the more complex techniques of application of metal

films over 2-D colloidal silica or polystyrene crystals provide for a controllable plasmonic shift towards the near-IR region without any serious impairment of the spectral quality. To obtain GNR-OPC substrates, we prepared nanorod sols with a GNR powder concentration of 12 mg/mL in water. This concentration approximately corresponded to the maximum enhancement of the SERS spectra of rhodamine 6G and 4-aminthiophenol (see Additional file 1: Figure S4). During the course of deposition, the GNRs gradually DAPT price filled up the interstitial space. While the amount of the deposited particles was small, they completely entered into pores, with only solitary particles remaining on the surface (Figure 3a). Thereafter, islands of gold nanorods formed on the film surface that overlapped at the points of contact between silica spheres (Figure 3b). Finally, when the amount of the deposited GNRs became large enough, we observed some kind of plain GNR film without any fingerprints of silica spheres (Figure 3c).

Note that we purposefully selected in Figure 3 an irregular area of silica spheres with large pores in order to illustrate the process of the pores being filled up with gold nanorods. Additional information is presented in Figure 4 for an area having a colloidal crystal structure. Figure 3 SEM images of mesoporous silica films differing in GNR deposition density. (a) Low. (b) Medium. (c) High. Note that the selleck chemical densely packed GNR layer (right-hand image) is similar to the fractal-like GNR assembly on a silicon wafer (Additional file 1: Figure S2b). The white bars are 100 nm long. Figure 4 SEM images of a GNR-OPC substrate at a low (left) and a high (right) resolution. The light regions near silica spheres (left image) correspond to the deposited GNRs that are clearly seen in the enlarged image (right).

e) Theoretical molecular weight and pI. f) MASCOT score of MS/MS. g) Number of peptides identified by MS/MS. h) Functional classification using KEGG database. i) the ratio of ratoon cane soil (RS)

to control soil (CK). j) the ratio of ratoon cane soil (RS) to plant cane soil (NS). Among the plant-originating differentially expressed proteins, the largest functional group found was of the proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism (constituting 47.37%), followed by those associated with stress/defense response (constituting 15.79%) (Figure 5). Furthermore, most of plant proteins related to carbohydrate/energy metabolism (including spot 12, succinate buy Evofosfamide dehydrogenase; spot 13, phosphofructokinase; spots 16 and 35, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; spot 28, NADP dependent malic enzyme and spot 32, fumarate hydratase 1) and amino acid metabolism (i.e. this website spot 25, betaine aldehyde hydrogenase) were found up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil, compared to the plant cane and control soils (Table 4). These up-regulated plant proteins involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism probably provide the energy necessary click here and precursor materials for plant root secretion and rhizodeposition process, which serve as a nutrient source for root-associated microbes. Several proteins (including spot 4, catalase; spot 23, PrMC3 and spot 27, heat

shock 70 kDa protein) related to plant stress defense were up-regulated selleckchem in the ratoon cane soil (Table 4). Figure 5 The functional category distribution of differentially expressed proteins originated from the plants (a) and the microbes (b). Among the microbe-originating

differentially expressed proteins, most of them were associated with the carbohydrate/energy metabolism (22.22%) and signal transduction (22.22%) (Figure 5). Several microbial proteins were found related to the root-colonizing ability of microorganisms (including spot 30, two-component system sensor kinase) and the utilization of root exudates (including spot 2, sugar ABC transporter and spot 5, ABC transporter ATP-binding subunit) were up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil, as compared to the plant cane and control soil (Table 4), which might be a response of microbes to the rhizodeposition of ratoon cane. Furthermore, most of proteins originated from fungi (including spot 3, mitochondrial N-glycosylase/DNA lyase; spot 7, ORP1; spot 20, kinesin-like protein and spot 34, isocitrate dehydrogenase) were up-regulated in the ratoon cane soil (Table 4). Besides, one cytoskeleton protein (spot 38, i.e. tubulin gamma) originated from the fauna was identified as well. Therefore, sugarcane ratooning induced the alteration of the expression of soil proteins from the plants, microbes and fauna. Discussion The consecutive monocultures for many medicinal plants and crop plants, such as Rehmannia glutinosa[22] and soybea [23], etc., result in a significant reduction in the yield and quality of the harvest.

The scale bar shows 5 nucleotide substitutions

per 100 nucleotides. Number of clones in parentheses follows label of either common OTUs (framed), OTUs solely from CL-B1 (green) or CL-B2 (purple). Most of the clones fell see more within the Clostridiales, representing members of seven different bacterial families. A total of 186 clones of this class learn more (31%) belonged to OTU-3 and were highly related (<1% nucleotide divergence) to Clostridium hiranonis TO-931T. Within the Clostridiaceae a high nucleotide similarity was also found for OTU-2, which grouped 65 clones closely to Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124T, and for OTU-34, which clustered with Clostridium fallax ATCC 19400T. However, the latter only consisted of one clone and displayed a low bootstrap value of 56% at its node. For OTU-9, OTU-32 and OTU-5, high bootstrap values (92%, 100% and 95%) and a low nucleotide divergence (1%) indicated their close phylogenetic affiliation to Clostridium

glycyrrhizinilyticum ZM35T, Clostridium colicanis DSM 13634T S63845 molecular weight and Clostridium glycolicum DSM 1288T, respectively. The remaining five OTUs within the Clostridiaceae family (OTU-31, OTU-1, OTU-30, OTU-33 and OTU-21) clustered under lower bootstrap values with their respective type strains. The Ruminococcaceae family was also well represented by four OTUs of which OTU-7 constituted 89 clones closely related to Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149T. The high bootstrap Chloroambucil value (100%) at the node of cluster OTU-35 and Hydrogenoanaerobacterium saccharovorans SW512T suggests a reliable phylogenetic positioning although there was less than 90% sequence similarity between both. The remaining OTU-19 and OTU-20 included only 6 clones clustering

at 5% nucleotide divergence with Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149T and Ruminococcus torques ATCC 27756T, respectively. The Peptococcaceae family was only represented by OTU-6, which included 34 clones and exhibited a low sequence similarity (80%) with the nearest type strain, Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes DSM 11270T. Moreover, the low bootstrap value (63%) questions the phylogenetic position of OTU-6 in this tree. The remaining families Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae were represented by 6 different OTUs which together encompassed 6% of all sequences allocated to the Clostridiales. The unclassified Clostridiales, Incertae Sedis XIV, harbored 18% of all sequences across three OTUs and were all affiliated to the genus Blautia. However, only OTU-10 showed 1% sequence divergence to its type strain Blautia hansenii JCM 14655T, whereas OTU-12 and OTU-13 differed at least 4% from the closest relative Blautia glucerasei HFTH-1T. Based upon the previously proposed classification of Clostridium spp. in phylogenetic clusters [34], Clostridiales sequences from this study fell into three clusters.

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